1. A method for establishing queue priorities for selecting one queue from at least two queues each containing items to be serviced, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) determining for each queue a metric by estimating the aggregate waiting time associated with all of the items in the respective queue, and
(b) using the estimated aggregate waiting time to form a priority metric.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each queue is dedicated for a respective Quality of Service (QoS) and step (b) includes:
i) combining the estimated aggregate waiting time with a parameter determined by the QoS for which the queue is dedicated.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of said queues is served by a multi-item server adapted to service, concurrently or serially, a batch containing more than one item and the priority metric is calculated only at the beginning or end of each batch.
4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein an inter-arrival time t of items at each of said queues is assumed to be locally stationary in order to facilitate the calculation of the aggregate waiting time.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the aggregate waiting time is calculated as:
6
EAWT
(
t
+
1
)
=
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
k
)
(
n
+
k
+
1
)
EAWT
(
t
)
where:
nthe number of items in the queue,
kthe number of items in the queue which depart during a time slot, and
ttime, counted in time-slots (i.e. a time-slot’s index).
6. The method according to claim 5, further including the steps of assuming that n>>k>>1 and calculating:
7
(
S
n
S
n
+
k
)
–
1
1
+
2
k
n
where:
SnSnkthe ratio between the EAWT at the end of the time-slot to the EAWT at the beginning of the time slot;
thereby allowing simple computation the EAWT at the end of a time slot from its value at the beginning of the time slot.
7. The method according to any one the preceding claims, further including:
applying a companding function to the value obtained as queue priority, in order to limit the dynamic range of the priority values generated.
8. Use of the method according to any one the preceding claims for establishing queue priorities in a communication network switch.
9. An apparatus for establishing queue priorities for selecting one queue from at least two queues each containing items to be serviced, said apparatus comprising:
a computer for determining for each queue an estimated aggregate waiting time (EAWT) associated with all of the items in the respective queue, and using the estimated aggregate waiting time to form a priority metric.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein each queue is dedicated for a respective Quality of Service (QoS) and the computer is adapted to combine the estimated aggregate waiting time with a parameter determined by the QoS for which the queue is dedicated.
11. The apparatus according to claim 9 or 10, wherein at least one of said queues is served by a multi-item server adapted to service, concurrently or serially, a batch containing more than one item and the priority metric is calculated only at the beginning or end of each batch.
12. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein an inter-arrival time t of items at each of said queues is assumed to be locally stationary.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the computer calculates the aggregate waiting time as:
8
EAWT
(
t
+
1
)
=
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
k
)
(
n
+
k
+
1
)
EAWT
(
t
)
where:
nthe number of items in the queue,
kthe numbers of items in the queue which depart during a time slot, and
ttime, counted in time-slots (i.e. a time-slot’s index).
14. The apparatus according to claim 13, where it is assumed that n>>k>>1 and the computer is adapted to calculate:
9
(
S
n
S
n
+
k
)
–
1
1
+
2
k
n
where:
SnSnkthe ratio between the EAWT at the end of the time-slot to the EAWT at the beginning of the time slot;
thereby allowing simple computation the EAWT at the end of a time slot from its value at the beginning of the time slot.
15. The apparatus according to any one claims 9 to 14, wherein the computer is further adapted to apply a companding function to the value obtained to limit a dynamic range of the priority values generated.
16. A program storage device readable by machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform method steps for establishing a queue priority for selecting one queue from at least two queues each containing items to be serviced, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) determining for each queue an estimated aggregate waiting time (EAWT) associated with all of the items in the respective queue, and
(b) using the estimated aggregate waiting time to form a priority metric.
17. A computer program product comprising a computer useable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for establishing a queue priority for selecting one queue from at least two queues each containing items to be serviced, said computer program product comprising:
computer readable program code for causing the computer to determine for each queue an estimated aggregate waiting time (EAWT) associated with all of the items in the respective queue, and
computer readable program code for causing the computer to use the estimated aggregate waiting time to form a priority metric.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An anti-reflection structure comprising:
a surface with an uneven structure that is composed of a transparent body and includes protrusions, the width between the tops of any pair of the adjacent protrusions being equal to or shorter than visible light wavelengths,
the anti-reflection structure comprising a first region including a surface with the uneven structure, and a second region including a surface with a structure that is composed of a transparent body, the structure being different from the uneven structure in the first region,
the second region in a plan view having a shape that forms at least one selected from the group consisting of characters, symbols, and graphics.
2. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 1,
wherein the second region is intended to be used to enhance visibility for calling attention.
3. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 1,
wherein the second region is used as a logo andor an advertisement.
4. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 1,
wherein the anti-reflection structure is an anti-reflection film that is composed of a transparent resin.
5. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 4,
wherein the structure in the second region is an uneven structure including protrusions, the width between the tops of any pair of the adjacent protrusions being equal to or shorter than visible light wavelengths.
6. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 5,
wherein a protrusion of the uneven structure in the second region is different in height from a protrusion of the uneven structure in the first region.
7. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 5,
wherein the uneven structure in the second region is different in shape from the uneven structure in the first region.
8. The anti-reflection structure according to claim 1,
wherein the structure in the second region is not an uneven structure including protrusions, the width between the tops of any pair of the adjacent protrusions being equal to or shorter than visible light wavelengths.
9-11. (canceled)
12. An imprint mold comprising:
a surface with an uneven structure including protrusions, the width between the tops of any pair of the adjacent protrusions being equal to or shorter than visible light wavelengths,
the imprint mold comprising a first region including a surface with the uneven structure and a second region including a surface with a structure that is different from the uneven structure in the first region,
the second region in a plan view having a shape that forms at least one selected from the group consisting of characters, symbols, and graphics.
13-16. (canceled)
17. A display device comprising:
on a display surface, a transparent body including a surface with an uneven structure including protrusions, the width between the tops of any pair of the adjacent protrusions being equal to or shorter than visible light wavelengths,
the transparent body including a first region including a surface with the uneven structure and a second region including a surface with a structure that is different from the uneven structure in the first region,
the second region in a plan view having a shape that forms at least one selected from the group consisting of characters, symbols, and graphics.
18. The display device according to claim 17,
wherein the uneven structure in the first region and the structure in the second region are composed of a transparent resin.
19. The display device according to claim 17,
wherein the display device is a liquid crystal display device, a plasma display panel, or an organic electroluminescence display.
20. The display device according to claim 17,
wherein the second region is used as a logo andor an advertisement when the display device is in an undisplayed state.