1. An apparatus for protecting data in a flash memory, the apparatus comprising:
a power detector for monitoring a voltage output from a power supply unit, and for outputting a power fail signal when the voltage drops by a predetermined reference voltage or more;
a Programmable Logic Device (PLD) for outputting a Write Protect (WP) signal for performing write protection on the flash memory upon receiving the power fail signal from the power detector; and
a WP controller for receiving the WP signal from the PLD, for receiving a ReadyBusy (RB) signal from the flash memory, and for outputting the WP signal output from the PLD to the flash memory according to the RB signal received from the flash memory.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a power backup unit for supplying power to the flash memory and to the WP controller upon power off.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power backup unit supplies backup power from a detection of the power fail signal till a termination of an operation of the flash memory.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined reference voltage comprises 10% of the voltage output from the power supply unit.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein if the WP signal is received at the WP controller from the PLD when the RB signal indicates that the flash memory is in a Busy state, the WP controller delays outputting the WP signal to the flash memory until receiving the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Ready state.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the WP controller outputs the received WP signal to the flash memory only when receiving the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Ready state from the flash memory.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the flash memory outputs the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Busy state while at least one of Write, Read, and Erase operations is performed in the flash memory.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the WP signal performs the write protection by disabling Read, Write, and Erase operations of the flash memory.
9. A method for protecting data in a flash memory, the method comprising:
monitoring a voltage output from a power supply unit, and detecting a power fail signal if the voltage drops by a predetermined reference voltage or more;
upon detecting the power fail signal, generating a Write Protect (WP) signal for performing write protection on the flash memory; and
outputting the WP signal to the flash memory according to a ReadyBusy (RB) signal received from the flash memory.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising supplying backup power to the flash memory from the detection of the power fail signal till a termination of an operation of the flash memory.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the predetermined reference voltage comprises 10% of the voltage output from the power supply unit.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the outputting comprises delaying the outputting of the WP signal to the flash memory until the flash memory outputs the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Ready state, if the WP signal is generated when the flash memory outputs the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Busy state.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the outputting of the WP signal to the flash memory comprises outputting the WP signal to the flash memory only when receiving the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Ready state from the flash memory.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the flash memory outputs the RB signal indicating that the flash memory is in a Busy state while at least one of Write, Read, and Erase operations is performed in the flash memory.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the WP signal performs the write protection by disabling Read, Write, and Erase operations of the flash memory.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An LED lamp, comprising:
a light guide configured as an open-ended hollow body surrounding an internal volume and extending along a longitudinal axis between a proximal end and a distal end, the light guide comprising an inner major surface and an outer major surface;
a housing at the proximal end of the light guide, the housing comprising a proximal end retaining member configured to retain the proximal end of the light guide, the light guide rotatable about the longitudinal axis relative to the housing and the proximal end retaining member to vary an angular position of the light guide relative to the housing and the proximal end retaining member;
a light source fixedly mounted to the housing and adjacent a light input edge at the proximal end of the light guide to edge light the light guide such that light from the light source propagates along the light guide by total internal reflection at the outer and inner major surfaces, the light guide rotatable relative to the light source to vary an angular position of the light guide relative to the light source; and
a spectrum-adjusting region fixedly mounted to the light input edge of the light guide and comprising a spectrum-adjusting material, the spectrum-adjusting region configured to progressively adjust the combined spectrum of the light from the light source input to the light guide as a function of the angular position of the light guide relative to the light source, the spectrum adjusting region comprising:
a first sub-region contiguous to itself and sized to adjust the spectrum of substantially all light from the light source input to the light guide when the light source is positioned adjacent to the first sub-region by relative positioning of the light source and the light guide; and
a second sub-region contiguous with the first sub-region and extending in a circumferential dimension, the second sub-region becoming smaller in a radial dimension as a function of distance from the first sub-region such that the second sub-region has a radial dimension less than the first sub-region.
2. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the spectrum-adjusting material comprises a wavelength-shifting material.
3. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the wavelength-shifting material comprises a phosphor.
4. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the light guide additionally comprises a recessed pocket at the light input edge, the wavelength-shifting material being disposed in the recessed pocket.
5. The LED lamp of claim 4, wherein a thickness of the wavelength-shifting material is constant over the area of the recessed pocket.
6. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the spectrum-adjusting material comprises a color-attenuating material.
7. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the first sub-region of the spectrum-adjusting region comprises a radial dimension about the same as or greater than the radial dimension of the light source and a circumferential dimension about the same as or greater than the circumferential dimension of the light source.
8. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the second sub-region tapers in the radial dimension as a function of distance from the first sub-region.
9. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a light-redirecting region fixedly mounted to the light input edge of the light guide, the light output from the light source being apportioned between the light-redirecting region and the spectrum-adjusting region based on the relative positioning of the light guide and the light source.
10. The LED lamp of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the light-redirecting region is shaped to be approximately complementary to the second sub-region of the spectrum-adjusting region in the radial dimension.
11. The LED lamp of claim 9, wherein the light-redirecting region comprises a light-scattering material.
12. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the light-scattering material comprises at least one of titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, and micro beads.
13. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the light guide additionally comprises a secondary recessed pocket at the light input edge, the light-scattering material being disposed in the secondary recessed pocket.
14. The LED lamp of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the light-scattering material is constant over the area of the recessed pocket.
15. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the light guide comprises circumferential light guide segments, each circumferential light guide segment comprising a side surface extending along the longitudinal axis between the proximal end and the distal end, the side surface abutting a side surface of another respective circumferential light guide segment.
16. The LED lamp of claim 1, additionally comprising light extracting elements at at least one of the major surfaces of the light guide, the light extracting elements configured to extract light through at least one of the outer major surface and the inner major surface of the light guide.
17. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the shape of the light guide is substantially frustoconical.
18. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein a proximal portion of the light guide extending along the longitudinal axis proximate the proximal end forms a cylinder, and a distal portion of the light guide extending along the longitudinal axis proximate the distal end is inwardly curved.
19. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a solid-state light emitter.
20. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the proximal end retaining member comprises a through-hole extending longitudinally therethrough, the light source disposed in the through-hole and the through-hole having a longitudinal dimension along the longitudinal axis, wherein the light source is recessed in the through-hole such that the proximal end retaining member defines a spacing between a light emitting surface of the light source and the light input edge.
21. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a distal end retaining member configured to retain the distal end of the light guide.
22. The LED lamp of claim 21, wherein the distal end retaining member is fixedly mounted to the distal end of the light guide and is configured to rotate with the light guide about the longitudinal axis.
23. The LED lamp of claim 21, wherein the distal end retaining member is fixedly mounted to the proximal end retaining member.
24. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a base coupled to the housing, the base configured to mechanically mount the light bulb and receive electrical power.
25. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the LED lamp conforms to the outer envelope of an A-series lamp.
26. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the LED lamp conforms to the outer envelope of a PAR lamp.
27. An LED lamp, comprising:
a light guide configured as an open-ended hollow body surrounding an internal volume and extending along a longitudinal axis between a proximal end and a distal end, the light guide comprising an inner major surface and an outer major surface, a proximal portion of the light guide extending along the longitudinal axis proximate the proximal end forming a cylinder, a distal portion of the light guide extending along the longitudinal axis proximate the distal end being inwardly curved;
a housing at the proximal end of the light guide, the housing comprising a proximal end retaining member configured to retain the proximal end of the light guide, the proximal end retaining member comprising:
a first circumferential wall having a first reflective circumferential surface abutting the outer major surface of the light guide and extending along the longitudinal axis proximate the proximal end to reflect light into the light guide; and
a second circumferential wall having a second reflective circumferential surface abutting the inner major surface of the light guide and extending along the longitudinal axis between the proximal end and the distal end;
a light source mounted to the housing and adjacent a light input edge at the proximal end of the light guide to edge light the light guide such that light from the light source propagates along the light guide by total internal reflection at the outer and inner major surfaces; and
a distal end retaining member mounted to the second circumferential wall of the proximal end retaining member proximate the distal end of the light guide, the distal end retaining member configured to retain the distal end of the light guide, the distal end retaining member comprising a surface abutting the distal end of the light guide that is configured to redirect light from the light guide.
28. The LED lamp of claim 27, additionally comprising light extracting elements at at least one of the major surfaces of the light guide, the light extracting elements configured to extract light through at least one of the outer major surface and the inner major surface of the light guide.
29. The LED lamp of claim 28, wherein the light extracting elements comprise:
at least one of V-grooves and lenticular grooves at the outer major surface and oriented substantially along the longitudinal direction; and
micro-optical elements at the inner major surface.
30. The LED lamp of claim 28, wherein the light extracting elements comprise at least one of V-grooves, lenticular grooves, light-scattering elements, and micro-optical elements.
31. The LED lamp of claim 28, wherein the light extracting elements comprise micro-optical elements characterized by a density \u03c1(x) per unit area as a function of position x along the light guide away from the proximal end and toward the distal end, wherein \u03c1(x) satisfies the following relationships:
\u03c1(x1)<\u03c1(x2); and
\u03c1(x2)>\u03c1(x3);
where x3>x2>x1, x=x1 and x=x2 are positions in the proximal portion, and x=x3 is a position in the distal portion.
32. The LED lamp of claim 28, wherein the light extracting elements comprise micro-optical elements characterized by a density \u03c1(x) per unit area as a function of position x along the light guide away from the proximal end and toward the distal end, wherein \u03c1(x) satisfies the following relationships:
\u03c1
\u2061
(
x
1
)
<
\u03c1
\u2061
(
x
2
)
;
and
\u2146
\u03c1
\u2061
(
x
2
)
\u2146
x
>
\u2146
\u03c1
\u2061
(
x
3
)
\u2146
x
;
where x3>x2>x1, x=x1 and x=x2 are positions in the proximal portion, and x=x3 is a position in the distal portion.
33. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the light guide comprises circumferential light guide segments, each circumferential light guide segment comprising a side surface extending along the longitudinal axis between the proximal end and the distal end, the side surface abutting a side surface of another respective circumferential light guide segment.
34. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the distal end retaining member is configured to retain the distal end of the light guide, the distal end retaining member and the proximal end retaining member configured to collectively retain the light guide segments.
35. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the surface of the distal end retaining member abutting the distal end of the light guide comprises optical elements configured to redirect light output from the light guide and incident on the surface abutting the distal end.
36. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the surface of the distal end retaining member abutting the distal end of the light guide is a reflective surface.
37. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the distal end retaining member is smaller in circumference than the proximal end retaining member.
38. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the proximal end retaining member comprises a through-hole extending longitudinally therethrough, the light source disposed in the through-hole and the through-hole having a longitudinal dimension along the longitudinal axis, wherein the light source is recessed in the through-hole such that a the light input retaining member defines a spacing between a light emitting surface of the light source and the light input edge.
39. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the second reflective circumferential surface of the second circumferential wall comprises a diffusely reflecting surface.
40. The LED lamp of claim 27, further comprising a base coupled to the housing, the base configured to mechanically mount the light bulb and receive electrical power.
41. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the LED lamp conforms to the outer envelope of an A-series lamp.
42. The LED lamp of claim 27, further comprising vents extending through the housing to the internal volume.
43. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the light source comprises a solid-state light emitter.
44. The LED lamp of claim 27, wherein the light guide is rotatable about the longitudinal axis relative to the housing and the light source to vary a position of the light guide relative to the housing and the light source.
45. The LED lamp of claim 44, wherein the light input edge comprises light input regions, at least one of the light input regions associated with an optical modifying characteristic.
46. The LED lamp of claim 45, wherein light emitted from the light source is selectively apportioned between the light input regions so that a characteristic of the light output from the light bulb is modified based on the optical modifying characteristic of the at least one of the light input regions and the relative positioning of the light input regions and the light source.
47. The LED lamp of claim 44, wherein the LED lamp further comprises a spectrum-adjusting region fixedly mounted to the light input edge of the light guide and comprising a spectrum-adjusting material, the spectrum-adjusting region configured to progressively adjust the combined spectrum of the light from the light source input to the light guide as a function of the angular position of the light guide relative to the light source.
48. The LED lamp of claim 47, wherein the spectrum-adjusting material comprises a wavelength-shifting material.
49. The LED lamp of claim 47, wherein the light guide additionally comprises a recessed pocket at the light input edge, the wavelength-shifting material being disposed in the recessed pocket.
50. The LED lamp of claim 47, wherein the spectrum-adjusting material comprises a color-attenuating material.
51. The LED lamp of claim 47, wherein the spectrum-adjusting region comprises:
a first sub-region contiguous to itself and sized to adjust the spectrum of substantially all light from the light source input to the light guide when the light source is positioned adjacent to the first sub-region by relative positioning of the light source and the light guide; and
a second sub-region contiguous with the first sub-region and extending in a circumferential dimension, the second sub-region becoming smaller in a radial dimension as a function of distance from the first sub-region such that the second sub-region has a radial dimension less than the first sub-region.
52. The LED lamp of claim 51, wherein the second sub-region tapers in the radial dimension as a function of distance from the first sub-region.
53. The LED lamp of claim 51, further comprising a light-redirecting region fixedly mounted to the light input edge of the light guide, the light output from the light source being apportioned between the light-redirecting region and the spectrum-adjusting region based on the relative positioning of the light guide and the light source.
54. The LED lamp of claim 53, wherein at least a portion of the light-redirecting region is shaped to be approximately complementary to the second sub-region of the spectrum-adjusting region in the radial dimension.
55. The LED lamp of claim 53, wherein the light-redirecting region comprises a light-scattering material.
56. The LED lamp of claim 55, wherein the light guide additionally comprises a secondary recessed pocket at the light input edge, the light-scattering material being disposed in the secondary recessed pocket.