What is claimed is:
1. A method of initiating lighting of a discharge lamp, comprising applying to the discharge lamp to be lighted an initiating voltage resulting from superimposition of a step-up pulse voltage of 1,000 to 3,000 V onto a voltage of 500 to 1,500 V which is continuously applied to the discharge lamp.
2. The method of initiating lighting of a discharge lamp according to claim 1, wherein the pulse voltage has a pulse width of 1 to 100 s.
3. A method of initiating lighting of a discharge lamp, comprising applying to the discharge lamp to be lighted an initiating voltage resulting from superimposition of a step-up pulse voltage of 1,000 to 3,000V having a pulse width of 1 to 100 s onto a voltage of 400 to 600V which is continuously applied to the discharge lamp.
4. The method of initiating of a discharge lamp according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pulse voltage has a pulse frequency of 100 to 10,000 Hz.
5. A circuit for lighting a discharge lamp, comprising a ballast for lighting the discharge lamp, and a low-voltage igniter connected to the ballast for initiating lighting of the lamp, the low-voltage igniter comprising:
a lighting diode having an input side connected to an output side of the ballast and an output side connected to the discharge lamp; and
a step-up device for superimposing step-up pulses onto the output of the lighting diode via a step-up pulse supply branch line connected to the output side of the lighting diode in initiating lighting of the discharge lamp.
6. The circuit for lighting a discharge lamp according to claim 5, wherein the step-up device comprises a step-up transformer having a secondary side with an input terminal connected to the input side of the lighting diode.
7. The circuit for lighting a discharge lamp according to claim 5 or 6, further comprising short-circuiting means connected in parallel to the lighting diode for short-circuiting the lighting diode in steady lighting.
8. A circuit for lighting a discharge lamp, comprising a ballast for lighting the discharge lamp, and a low-voltage igniter connected to the ballast for initiating lighting of the lamp, the low-voltage igniter comprising:
a lighting diode having an input side connected to an output side of the ballast and an output side connected to the discharge lamp;
a step-up output capacitor provided at a step-up pulse supply branch line connected to the output side of the lighting diode;
a trigger element provided at a pulse generation branch line connected to the input side of the lighting diode, and a pulse generation capacitor connected in parallel to the trigger element; and
a step-up transformer having a primary side connected via the trigger element to the input side of the lighting diode and a secondary side with an output terminal connected via the step-up output capacitor to the output side of the lighting diode.
9. A circuit for lighting a discharge lamp, comprising a ballast for lighting the discharge lamp, and a low-voltage igniter connected to the ballast for initiating lighting of the lamp, the low-voltage igniter comprising:
a lighting diode having an input side connected to an output side of the ballast and an output side connected to the discharge lamp;
a step-up output diode for output to the output side of the lighting diode, the step-up output diode being provided at a step-up pulse supply branch line connected to the output side of the lighting diode;
a trigger element provided at a pulse generation branch line connected to the input side of the lighting diode, and a pulse generation capacitor connected in parallel to the trigger element; and
a step-up transformer having a primary side connected via the trigger element to the input side of the lighting diode and a secondary side with an output terminal connected via the step-up output diode to the output side of the lighting diode.
10. A circuit for lighting a discharge lamp, comprising a ballast for lighting the discharge lamp, and a low-voltage igniter connected to the ballast for initiating lighting of the lamp,
the ballast having output switching means for outputting non-smoothed current containing a ripple component in initiating lighting of the lamp and for outputting smoothed current in steady lighting,
the igniter comprising:
a lighting diode having an input side connected to an output side of the ballast and an output side connected to the discharge lamp; and
a step-up device, having a primary side using the non-smoothed current containing a ripple component outputted from the ballast and a secondary side using step-up induction current induced by the non-smoothed primary current via a step-up pulse supply branch line connected to the output side of the lighting diode as step-up pulse current, for superimposing a step-up pulse voltage of the step-up pulse current onto the output of the lighting diode in initiating lighting of the discharge lamp.
11. The circuit for lighting a discharge lamp according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein the ballast is adapted for direct current.
12. The circuit for lighting a discharge lamp according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein the ballast is adapted for alternating current.
13. A light source device comprising:
a circuit for lighting a discharge lamp adapted for direct current or alternating current as recited in claim 11 or 12;
a reflector having a concave reflecting face centrally formed with a lamp receiving portion; and
a single-end type discharge lamp having a seal portion attached to the lamp-receiving portion.
14. A light source device comprising:
a circuit for lighting a discharge lamp adapted for direct current or alternating current as recited in claim 11 or 12;
a reflector having a concave reflecting face centrally formed with a lamp receiving portion; and
a double-end type discharge lamp having a first seal portion attached to the lamp receiving portion and a second seal portion with a power supply lead outwardly extending therefrom and laid along the first seal portion.
15. An optical instrument comprising:
a light source device as recited in claim 13 or 14; and
an optical system for directing light from a discharge lamp mounted to the light source device to a screen disposed in front of the light source device.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A computer-implemented method for calculation of insurance related fees for an insurance product, the insurance product comprising one or more insured objects, and each of the one or more insured objects involving one or more insurance coverage, the method comprising steps of
(a) evaluating for each of the insurance coverage of each of the insured objects, according to a predetermined function, to obtain an initial value for each of the one or more insurance coverage;
(b) applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value for each of the one or more insurance coverage, to obtain an adjusted value for each of the one or more insurance coverage;
(c) summing, for each of the one or more insured objects, the adjusted values for the one or more insurance coverage involved, to obtain an initial value for each of the one or more insured objects;
(d) applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value for each of the one or more insured objects, to obtain an adjusted value for each of the one or more insured objects;
(e) summing the adjusted values for the one or more insured objects, to obtain an initial value of premium for the insurance product, and applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value of premium to obtain an adjusted value of premium;
(f) rebalancing in proportion the adjusted value of premium to each of the one or more insured objects, so that each of the one or more insured objects having a corresponding rebalanced value;
(g) rebalancing in proportion the corresponding rebalanced value for each of the one or more insured objects to each of the one or more insurance coverage of a corresponding insured object, so that each of the one or more insurance coverage having a corresponding rebalanced value; and
(h) serving the corresponding rebalanced value for each of the one or more insurance coverage as an initial value for corresponding insurance coverage in next step of calculation.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the type of adjustment is selected from a group consisting of minimum premium, period of insurance, discount, loading, underwriting, campaign, tax, fee, commission, assignment and null.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each of the type of adjustment contains one or more adjustment factors.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the one or more adjustment factors is selected from a group consisting of fixed amount, percentage, maximum value and minimum value.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the fixed amount or the percentage contains, respectively, a plurality of different fixed values, or a plurality of different percentages.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein in the first stage, the proportion in step (f) is determined based on contribution ratios of the adjusted values of insured objects at the first stage to the initial value of the insurance product.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein in the first stage, the proportion in step (g) is determined based on contribution ratios of the adjusted values of insurance coverage at the first stage to the initial value of a corresponding insured object.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the rebalanced values for the last insured object and the last insurance coverage are obtained by rounding-up.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is larger than an initial value before the adjustment.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is less than an initial value before the adjustment.
11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is equal to an initial value before the adjustment.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein one or more pre-apply criteria is applied immediately before one or more adjustments is applied.
13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein one or more post-apply criteria is applied immediately after one or more adjustments is applied.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein one or more final validation step is performed after step (e) but before step (f).
15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein only when all final validation steps are passed, the method flows to step (f).
16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein if one of the final validation steps is failed, all previous calculation results are evicted and calculation is retried by resetting an adjustment factor.
17. The computer-implemented method of claim 16, wherein when a max retry time limit is reached, the method is ended and an error is reported.
18. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the type and sequence of adjustment is determined before any adjustment is applied.
19. The computer-implemented method of claim 18, wherein the sequence is determined according to any of the type of adjustment, adjustment factor and adjustment priority.
20. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the insurance related fees are premium for policy, or insurance derivative fees originated from the premium for policy.
21. A system for calculation of insurance related fees for an insurance product, the insurance product comprising one or more insured objects, and each of the one or more insured objects involving one or more insurance coverage, the system comprising
a storage device, for storing pre-determined functions and adjustment functions; and
at least one processor, configured to perform a method comprising steps of
(a) evaluating for each of the insurance coverage of each of the insured objects, according to a predetermined function, to obtain an initial value for each of the one or more insurance coverage;
(b) applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value for each of the one or more insurance coverage, to obtain an adjusted value for each of the one or more insurance coverage;
(c) summing, for each of the one or more insured objects, the adjusted values for the one or more insurance coverage involved, to obtain an initial value for each of the one or more insured objects;
(d) applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value for each of the one or more insured objects, to obtain an adjusted value for each of the one or more insured objects;
(e) summing the adjusted values for the one or more insured objects, to obtain an initial value of premium for the insurance product, and applying at least one type of adjustments to the initial value of premium to obtain an adjusted value of premium;
(f) rebalancing in proportion the adjusted value of premium to each of the one or more insured objects, so that each of the one or more insured objects having a corresponding rebalanced value;
(g) rebalancing in proportion the corresponding rebalanced value for each of the one or more insured objects to each of the one or more insurance coverage of a corresponding insured object, so that each of the one or more insurance coverage having a corresponding rebalanced value; and
(h) serving the corresponding rebalanced value for each of the one or more insurance coverage as an initial value for corresponding insurance coverage in next step of calculation.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the type of adjustment is selected from a group consisting of minimum premium, period of insurance, discount, loading, underwriting, campaign, tax, fee, commission, assignment and null.
23. The system of claim 21, wherein each of the type of adjustment contains one or more adjustment factors.
24. The system of claim 23, wherein the one or more adjustment factors is selected from a group consisting of fixed amount, percentage, maximum value and minimum value.
25. The system of claim 24, wherein the fixed amount or the percentage contains, respectively, a plurality of different fixed values, or a plurality of different percentages.
26. The system of claim 21, wherein in the first stage, the proportion in step (f) is determined based on contribution ratios of the adjusted values of insured objects at the first stage to the initial value of the insurance product.
27. The system of claim 21, wherein in the first stage, the proportion in step (g) is determined based on contribution ratios of the adjusted values of insurance coverage at the first stage to the initial value of a corresponding insured object.
28. The system of claim 21, wherein the rebalanced values for the last insured object and the last insurance coverage are obtained by rounding-up.
29. The system of claim 21, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is larger than an initial value before the adjustment.
30. The system of claim 21, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is less than an initial value before the adjustment.
31. The system of claim 21, wherein an adjusted value following an adjustment is equal to an initial value before the adjustment.
32. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to apply one or more pre-apply criteria immediately before one or more adjustments is applied.
33. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to apply one or more post-apply criteria immediately after one or more adjustments is applied.
34. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform one or more final validation step after step (e) but before step (f).
35. The system of claim 34, wherein only when all final validation steps are passed, step (f) is performed.
36. The system of claim 34, wherein if one of the final validation steps is failed, all previous calculation results are evicted and calculation is retried by resetting an adjustment factor.
37. The system of claim 36, wherein when a max retry time limit is reached, the final validation is ended and an error is reported.
38. The system of claim 21, wherein the type and sequence of adjustment is determined before any adjustment is applied.
39. The system of claim 38, wherein the sequence is determined according to any of the type of adjustment, adjustment factor and adjustment priority.
40. The system of claim 21, wherein the insurance related fees are premium for policy, or insurance derivative fees originated from the premium for policy.