1. A method for implementing an insurance program for quantifying and transferring non-economic risk between a first party and a second party, said method comprising:
receiving data representing an asset belonging to the first party, wherein the data includes a market value of the asset and expected principal payments of the asset;
generating an economic value of the asset based on the data representing the asset;
calculating a policy attachment value for the program based on the economic value;
calculating a policy limit based on the market value of the asset and the policy attachment value, wherein the second party provides an insurance policy to the first party under which the asset is insured against losses from the policy attachment value up to the policy limit;
calculating a policy security based on the policy limit, wherein the second party provides the policy security to the first party as collateral for its obligation to insure the asset;
determining aggregate principal payments (APP) of the asset upon termination of the insurance policy;
calculating a claim amount based on the APP, the policy attachment value, and the policy limit, wherein the first party is entitled under the program to make a claim for the claim amount, up to the policy limit, when the APP is less than the policy attachment value, and wherein the first party is entitled under the program to retain a portion of the policy security necessary to fulfill its claim and is obliged under the program to return any remaining portion of the policy security to the second party; and
displaying the claim amount;
wherein the step of generating an economic value is performed by a computer.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein calculating an economic value of the asset comprises:
performing a risk analysis based on the data representing the asset; and
determining the net present value of expected future principal payments according to the risk analysis.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second party is entitled under the program to receive a portion of any APP that exceeds the policy attachment value (\u201cprofit commission\u201d), and wherein the method further comprises the steps of:
calculating a profit commission due under the program; and
indicating the amount of profit commission due under the program.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the data representing the asset further includes a maturity date of the asset, and wherein the termination of the insurance policy is the maturity date of the asset.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of calculating a policy premium based on a percentage of the policy limit, wherein the first party periodically pays the second party the policy premium.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of calculating a policy security interest having a base component based on a major interest rate index, wherein the first party periodically pay periodically pays the second party the policy security interest.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the policy security interest also has a bonus component that is a based on a risk assessment of the asset.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of determining a termination premium for the early termination of the program insurance policy, wherein the first party terminates the insurance policy by paying the second party the redemption premium.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the first party pledges a second security for its obligation to return the policy security.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the second security is the asset.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the first party transfers the second security to a third party to hold the second security in trust for the duration of the insurance policy.
12. A computer-readable medium for implementing an insurance program for quantifying and implementing the transfer of non-economic risk between a first party and a second party, the computer-readable medium bearing a computer program containing non-transitory instructions which, when implemented by a computer, cause the computer to execute the steps of:
receiving data representing an asset belonging to the first party, wherein the data includes a market value of the asset and principal payments of the asset;
generating an economic value of the asset based on the data representing the asset;
calculating a policy attachment value for the program based on the economic value;
calculating a policy limit based on the market value of the asset and the policy attachment value, wherein the second party provides an insurance policy to the first party under which the asset is insured against losses from the policy attachment value up to the policy limit;
calculating a policy security based on the policy limit, wherein the second party provides the policy security to the first party as collateral for its obligation to insure the asset;
determining aggregate principal payments (APP) of the asset upon termination of the insurance policy;
calculating a claim amount based on the APP, the policy attachment value, and the policy limit, wherein the first party is entitled under the insurance program to make a claim for the claim amount, up to the policy limit, when the APP is less than the policy attachment value, and wherein the first party is entitled under the insurance program to retain a portion of the policy security necessary to fulfill its claim and is obliged under the program to return any remaining portion of the policy security to the second party; and
displaying the claim amount.
13. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein calculating an economic value of the asset comprises:
performing a risk analysis based on the data representing the asset; and
determining the net present value of expected future principal payments according to the risk analysis.
14. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the second party is entitled under the insurance program to receive a portion of any APP that exceeds the policy attachment value (\u201cprofit commission\u201d), and wherein the computer program further contains instructions for:
calculating a profit commission due under the insurance program; and
indicating the amount of profit commission due under the insurance program.
15. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the data representing the asset further includes a maturity date of the asset, and wherein the termination of the insurance policy is the maturity date of the asset.
16. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the computer program further contains instructions for calculating a policy premium based on a percentage of the policy limit, wherein the first party periodically pays the second party the policy premium.
17. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the computer program further contains instructions for calculating a policy security interest having a base component based on a major interest rate index, wherein the first party periodically pays the second party the policy security interest.
18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17 wherein the policy security interest also has a bonus component that is a based on a risk assessment of the asset.
19. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the computer program further contains instructions for determining a termination premium for the early termination of the insurance policy, wherein the first party terminates the insurance policy by paying the second party the redemption premium.
20. The computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein the first party pledges a second security for its obligation to return the policy security.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the second security is the asset.
22. The computer-readable medium of claim 20 wherein the first party transfers the second security to a third party to hold the second security in trust for the duration of the insurance policy.
23. An apparatus for executing an insurance program for quantifying and implementing the transfer of non-economic risk between a first party and a second party comprising:
a processor;
a display;
a memory coupled to the processor and containing instructions executable by the processor which, when implemented by the processor, cause the processor to execute the steps of:
receiving data representing an asset belonging to the first party, wherein the data includes a market value of the asset and expected principal payments of the asset;
generating an economic value of the asset based on the data representing the asset;
calculating a policy attachment value for the program based on the economic value;
calculating a policy limit based on the market value of the asset and the policy attachment value, wherein the second party provides an insurance policy to the first party under which the asset is insured against losses from the policy attachment value up to the policy limit;
calculating a policy security based on the policy limit, wherein the second party provides the policy security to the first party as collateral for its obligation to insure the asset;
determining the aggregate principal payments (APP) of the asset upon termination of the insurance policy;
calculating a claim amount based on the APP, the policy attachment value, and the policy limit, wherein the first party is entitled under the program to make a claim for the claim amount, up to the policy limit, when the APP is less than the policy attachment value, and wherein the first party is entitled under the program to retain a portion of the policy security necessary to fulfill its claim and is obliged under the program to return any remaining portion of the policy security to the second party; and
displaying the claim amount on the display.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein calculating an economic value of the asset comprises:
performing a risk analysis based on the data representing the asset; and
determining the net present value of expected future principal payments according to the risk analysis.
25. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the second party is entitled under the program to receive a portion of any APP that exceeds the policy attachment value (\u201cprofit commission\u201d), and wherein the memory further contains instructions for:
calculating a profit commission due under the program; and
indicating the amount of profit commission due under the program.
26. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the data representing the asset further includes a maturity date of the asset, and wherein the termination of the insurance policy is the maturity date of the asset.
27. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the memory further contains instructions for calculating a policy premium based on a percentage of the policy limit, wherein the first party periodically pays the second party the policy premium.
28. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the memory further contains instructions for calculating a policy security interest having a base component based on a major interest rate index, wherein the first party periodically pays the second party the policy security interest.
29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the policy security interest also has a bonus component that is a based on a risk assessment of the asset.
30. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the memory further contains instructions for determining a termination premium for the early termination of the program, wherein the first party is permitted under the program to cancel the program prior to the term date by paying the second party the redemption premium.
31. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the first party pledges a second security for its obligation to return the policy security.
32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the second security is the asset.
33. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the first party transfers the second security to a third party to hold the second security in trust for the duration of the insurance policy.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A Gray code current-mode analog to digital (ADC) converter using a Gray code current-mode ADC building block, the Gray code current-mode ADC building block being used to produce a Gray code bit and a current output that is sent to a next Gray code ADC building block, wherein the Gray code current-mode ADC building block does not use a voltage comparator in a signal path of the current output;
wherein a pair of transistors are used to cause a current in a first path if Isig>IREF and down a second path if Isig<IREF; and
wherein Op amps are used to provide feedback to the pair of transistors.
2. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 1;
wherein the Gray code current-mode ADC building block includes an output current mirror.
3. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 2;
wherein the output current mirror doubles a current input into the output current mirror.
4. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 3, further comprising a polarity inverting current mirror to invert the polarity of one possible input to the output current mirror.
5. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 1;
wherein the current output is not clocked before flowing to the next Gray code current-mode ADC building block.
6. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 1;
wherein two Gray code current-mode ADC building blocks are used to produce a single Gray code bit.
7. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 1, wherein one of the Op amps is referenced to a first voltage and another of the Op amps is referenced to a second voltage less than the first voltage to prevent contention between the Op amps.
8. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 7, wherein the pair of transistors are connected at a node and the voltage excursion at the node is limited to the first voltage minus the second voltage.
9. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 8, wherein the first voltage minus the second voltage is about 100 mV.
10. The Gray code current-mode ADC converter of claim 1, wherein the pair of transistors are connected at a node; and wherein the Op amps reduce the input impedance at the node.
11. A Gray code current-mode ADC building block for a Gray code current-mode Analog to Digital (ADC) converter comprising:
a pair of transistors operably connected to a current input, Isig, and reference current, IREF, wherein a current output of the pair of transistors is formed in a first path if Isig>IREF and in a second path if Isig<IREF;
an output current mirror that doubles an input current to the current mirror to produce a current output of the Gray code current-mode ADC building block that is sent to the next Gray code current-mode ADC building block; wherein the Gray code current mode ADC building block also produces a Gray code bit; and
wherein Op amps are used to provide feedback to the pair of transistors.
12. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11;
wherein the current output is not clocked before flowing to the next Gray code ADC building block.
13. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11, further comprising a polarity inverting current mirror to invert the polarity of one possible input to the output current mirror.
14. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11;
wherein two Gray code current-mode ADC building blocks are used to produce a single Gray code bit.
15. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11;
wherein the first path goes to the output current mirror; and
wherein a second path goes to a second output current mirror.
16. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 15;
wherein a pair of the Gray code current-mode ADC building blocks are used to produce a Gray code bit.
17. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11, wherein one of the Op amps is referenced to a first voltage and another of the Op amps is referenced to a second voltage less than the first voltage to prevent contention between the Op amps.
18. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 17, wherein the pair of transistors are connected at a node and the voltage excursion at the node is limited to the first voltage minus the second voltage.
19. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 18, wherein the first voltage minus the second voltage is about 100 mV.
20. The Gray code current-mode ADC building block of claim 11, wherein the pair of transistors are connected at a node; and wherein the Op amps reduce the input impedance at the node.