1. A passive optical network (PON) system, comprising:
an optical line terminal (OLT) that sets a position at which a fault has occurred as a fault position, when the fault is detected in an optical path configured as a single optical fiber core having an annular shape;
a wavelength configurable switch (WCS) configured to divide the single optical path into a right path and a left path based on the OLT and the fault position based on the OLT, output a plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals from the OLT to the left path and the right path, and combine a plurality of upstream optical wavelength signals from the right path and the left path and output the same to the OLT;
at least one optical network terminal (ONT) of each group; and
a plurality of wavelength adddrop nodes configured to drop a pertinent downstream optical wavelength signal from among the plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals and transfer the same to at least one ONT of a pertinent group, and add an upstream optical wavelength signal from at least one ONT of the pertinent group to the optical path.
2. The PON system of claim 1, wherein the OLT comprises:
a plurality of transceivers configured to transmit and receive the plurality of upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals;
a multiplexer configured to multiplex the plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals;
a demultiplexer configured to demultiplex the plurality of upstream optical wavelength signals and output the same to the plurality of transceivers; and
a wavelength tunable transceiver configured to transmit and receive upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals having a single wavelength according to the fault position.
3. The PON system of claim 2, wherein the OLT further comprises
a circulator configured to output the plurality of upstream optical wavelength signals to the demultiplexer and output the downstream optical wavelength signals multiplexed by the multiplexer to the wavelength configurable switch.
4. The PON system of claim 1, wherein the wavelength configurable switch comprises:
a first WDM filter configured to demultiplex the plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals into a downstream optical wavelength signal of the right path and a downstream optical wavelength signals of the left path, and multiplex an upstream optical wavelength signal from the right path and an upstream optical wavelength signal from the left path and output the same to the OLT, according to the fault position;
a second WDM filter configured to output input upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals having a single wavelength according to the fault position;
a third WDM filter configured to multiplex a downstream optical wavelength signal of the right path output from the first WDM filter and the downstream optical wavelength signal having a single wavelength output from the second WDM filter and output the same to the right path, and demultiplex the upstream optical wavelength signal from the right path and output the same to the first and second WDM filters; and
a fourth WDM filter configured to multiplex the downstream optical wavelength signal of the left path output from the first WDM filter and the downstream optical wavelength signal having a single wavelength output from the second WDM filter and output the same to the left path, and demultiplex the upstream optical wavelength signal from the left path and output the same to the first and second WDM filters.
5. The PON system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of wavelength adddrop nodes comprise n number of wavelength adddrop nodes,
the n number of wavelength adddrop nodes are positioned in the optical path sequentially in a clockwise direction, and
when the fault position is between the OLT and a first wavelength adddrop node, the second WDM filter outputs the upstream optical wavelength signal of the single wavelength to the fourth WDM filter, and when the fault position is between one of the second to n-th wavelength adddrop nodes and the OLT, the second WDM filter outputs the upstream optical wavelength signal having the single wavelength to the third WDM filter.
6. The PON system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of wavelength adddrop node comprise n number of wavelength adddrop nodes,
the n number of wavelength adddrop nodes are positioned in the optical path sequentially in a clockwise direction, and
each of the wavelength adddrop nodes comprises:
first and second band pass filters (BPFs) configured to allow only downstream and upstream optical wavelength signals having a first wavelength therethrough, respectively;
third and fourth BPFs configured to allow only upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals having a second wavelength that is lower than the first wavelength therethrough, respectively;
a first circulator configured to output a plurality of downstream and upstream optical wavelength signals from an immediately previous wavelength adddrop node to the first BPF, and add upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals reflected from the second BPF to the optical path;
a second circulator configured to output upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals which have not transmitted through the first BPF to a subsequent wavelength adddrop node, and upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals from the subsequent wavelength adddrop node to the fourth BPF; and
a WDM filter configured to transfer the downstream optical wavelength signal having the first wavelength which has passed through the first BPF and the downstream optical wavelength signal having the second wavelength which has passed through the fourth BPF to an ONT of a pertinent group.
7. The PON system of claim 6, wherein each of the wavelength adddrop nodes further comprises a third circulator configured to output the downstream optical wavelength signal having the first wavelength which has passed through the first BPF to the WDM filter and output the upstream optical wavelength signal having the first wavelength from the WDM filter to the second BPF.
8. The PON system of claim 6, wherein each of the wavelength adddrop nodes further comprises a fourth circulator configured to output the downstream optical wavelength signal having the second wavelength which has passed through the fourth BPF to the WDM filter and output the upstream optical wavelength signal having the second wavelength from the WDM filter to the third BPF.
9. The PON system of claim 2, wherein the right path and the left path comprise a bi-directional optical signal path for transmitting upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals.
10. An optical line terminal (OLT) of a passive optical network (PON) system, the OLT comprising:
a controller configured to detect a fault in an optical path configured as a single optical fiber core having an annular shape, and set the position in which the fault has occurred as a fault position; and
a wavelength configurable switch (WCS) configured to divide a plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals of the optical path into a downstream optical wavelength signal of a right path and a downstream optical wavelength signal of a left path, and combine upstream optical wavelength signals from the right path and the left path, based on the OLT and the fault position under the control of the OLT.
11. The optical line terminal of claim 10, further comprising:
a plurality of transceivers configured to receive upstream optical wavelength signals combined by the WCS, and transmit the plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals;
a multiplexer configured to multiplex the plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals;
a demultiplexer configured to demultiplex the upstream optical wavelength signals combined by the WCS and output the same to the plurality of transceivers; and
a wavelength tunable transceiver configured to transmit and receive upstream and downstream optical wavelength signals having a single wavelength according to the fault position.
12. The optical line terminal of claim 11, further comprising
a circulator configured to output the plurality of upstream optical wavelength signals to the demultiplexer and output the downstream optical wavelength signals multiplexed by the multiplexer to the WCS.
13. The optical line terminal of claim 11, wherein the WCS comprises:
a first WDM filter connected to the right path;
a second WDM filter connected to the left path;
a third WDM filter configured to multiplex or demultiplex optical wavelength signals corresponding to the right path and the left path; and
a fourth WDM filter configured to output an optical wavelength signal having a single wavelength to the first or second WDM filter, or receive the optical wavelength signal having a single wavelength from the first or second WDM filter and output the received optical wavelength signal having a single wavelength to the wavelength tunable transceiver.
14. A method of transmitting and receiving an optical wavelength signal in a passive optical network (PON), the method comprising:
detecting a fault in an optical path configured as a single optical fiber core;
dividing the optical path into a right path and a left path each having bi-directionality based on the position in which the fault has occurred; and
demultiplexing a plurality of downstream optical wavelength signals into an optical wavelength signal of the right path and an optical wavelength signal of the left path according to the position in which the fault has occurred and outputting the same to at least one optical network terminal (ONT) of each group.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising
multiplexing an upstream optical wavelength signal from the right path and an upstream optical wavelength signal from the left path.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the multiplexing comprises:
receiving an upstream wavelength signal in a direction opposite to that of the downstream optical wavelength signal from the right path; and
receiving an upstream optical wavelength signal in a direction opposite to that of the downstream optical wavelength signal from the left path.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the multiplexing further comprises:
adding an upstream optical wavelength signal of at least one ONT of each group to the right path or the left path.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the optical path comprises a plurality of optical wavelengths, and each optical wavelength is allocated to at least one ONT of each group.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the outputting comprises dropping an optical wavelength signal corresponding to at least one ONT of each group, from among the optical wavelength signal of the right path and the optical wavelength signal of the left path.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An insulating material formed by using a composition comprising:
(a) a compound represented by formula (3):
wherein (m31+m32+m33+m34) represents an integer of from 1 to 4;
n31 to n34 each independently represents an integer of from 1 to 3;
X31 to X34 each independently represents a hydrolyzable group;
R31 to R34 each independently represents an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group;
L31 to L34 each independently represents an alkylene, a vinylene, an arylene, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR\u2032\u2014 or a divalent group including a combination thereof; and
R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group;
(b) at least one of a hydrolysate of the compound represented by formula (3) and a condensate of the compound represented by formula (3); and
(c) at least one of an organic solvent and water.
2. An insulating film formed by using a composition according to claim 1.
3. The insulating material according to claim 1,
wherein the hydrolyzable group represented by X31 to X34 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an acyloxy group, a silyloxy group and a hydroxyl group.
4. The insulating material according to claim 3,
wherein the hydrolyzable group represented by X31 to X34 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group.
5. The insulating material according to claim 1,
wherein R31 to R34 each independently represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group or naphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted hetero 6-membered ring or a substituted or unsubstituted hetero 5-membered ring.