1. A collaborative service set (CSS) comprising:
a controller access point (AP) configured to be associated with a first plurality of stations and a first member AP, wherein the first member AP is associated with a second plurality of stations, wherein the controller AP is configured to coordinate transmissions between the first member AP and the second plurality of stations with transmissions between the controller AP and the first plurality of stations, wherein the controller AP and the first member AP are configured to transmit messages simultaneously.
2. The CSS of claim 1, wherein a first station of the first plurality of stations is configured to freely associate with the first member AP.
3. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the first member AP is a leader AP.
4. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the controller AP is a leader AP.
5. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the controller AP is configured to be associated with a plurality of member APs comprising the first member AP.
6. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the controller AP, the first member AP, and the first plurality of stations are coupled by a signaling channel.
7. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of stations are associated with a plurality of unique station identification numbers (IDs) and a plurality of media access control (MAC) addresses, wherein a length of each of the plurality of unique station IDs is shorter than a length of each of the plurality of MAC addresses.
8. The CSS of claim 7, wherein the plurality of unique station IDs is a plurality of association identification numbers (AIDs).
9. The CSS of claim 1, wherein the controller AP and the first member AP are coupled by a distribution system.
10. A method of channel sounding in a collaborative service set (CSS), the method comprising:
broadcasting, by a first access point (AP), a first null data packet announcement (NDPA) comprising a short identification number (ID) of a first station;
broadcasting, by the first AP, a first null data packet (NDP) after transmitting the first NDPA;
receiving, by the first AP from a second AP, a second NDPA;
receiving, by the first AP from the second AP, a second NDP after receiving the second NDPA;
transmitting, by the first AP to the first station, a first polling frame after transmitting the first NDP and receiving the second NDP; and
receiving, by the first AP from the first station, a first feedback report after transmitting the first polling frame.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first AP is a leader AP, and wherein receiving the second NDPA is performed after transmitting the first NDP.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the second AP is a leader AP, and wherein transmitting the first NDPA is performed after receiving the second NDP.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving, by the first AP from a second station, a second polling frame; and
receiving, by the first AP from the second station, a second feedback report after receiving the second polling frame.
14. A method of channel sounding in a collaborative service set (CSS), the method comprising:
receiving, by a station from a first access point (AP), a first null data packet announcement (NDPA) comprising a first simplified short identification number (ID) of the station;
receiving, by the station from the first AP, a first null data packet (NDP) after receiving the first NDPA;
receiving, by the station from a second AP, a second NDPA after receiving the first NDP;
receiving, by the station from the second AP, a second NDP after receiving the second NDPA;
estimating a first channel between the station and the first AP in accordance with the first NDP to produce a first estimated channel;
receiving a first polling frame, by the station from the first AP; and
broadcasting, by the station, a first feedback report in accordance with the first estimated channel after receiving the first polling frame.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
estimating a second channel between the station and the second AP in accordance with the second NDP to produce a second estimated channel;
receiving a second polling frame, by the station from the second AP; and
broadcasting, by the station, a second feedback report in accordance with the second estimated channel.
16. A method of determining an oscillator frequency offset between a first access point (AP) and a second AP, the method comprising:
receiving, by the second AP from the first AP, a first packet comprising a first preamble;
receiving, by the second AP from the first AP, a second packet comprising a second preamble after receiving the first packet; and
determining an oscillator frequency offset between the first AP and the second AP in accordance with the first preamble and the second preamble.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first packet is a first null data packet announcement (NDPA) and the second packet is a first null data packet (NDP).
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
broadcasting, by the second AP, a second NDPA after calculating the oscillator frequency offset; and
broadcasting, by the second AP, a second NDP.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising waiting a first processing time receiving the first packet before broadcasting the second NDPA.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein determining the oscillator frequency offset comprises:
estimating a coarse carrier frequency offset; and
estimating a fine carrier frequency offset.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the first preamble comprises a short training field and a long training field.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein a pulse train comprises the first packet and the second packet, and wherein determining the oscillator frequency offset comprises reproducing a clock frequency of the first AP by a stable temperature compensated crystal in accordance with the pulse train.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A container including a bicarbonate-based solution comprising:
a single solution comprising about 0 gL to about 100 gL of an osmotic agent, about 1 mmolL to about 45 mmolL of bicarbonate, about 0.1 mmolL to about 2.5 mmolL of calcium, 100 mmolL to about 150 mmolL of sodium, about 0.2 mmolL to about 1.0 mmolL of magnesium, about 70 mmolL to about 120 mmolL of chloride, about 0 mmolL to about 5 mmolL of potassium, and stored in a single chamber of the container having a gas barrier that is not in a form of an over pouch, wherein the single solution is heat sterilized in the single chamber and remains stable at a pH ranging from about 6.9 to about 7.9 for at least three months after heat sterilization, wherein the pH is adjusted prior to heat sterilization, and wherein the single solution excludes organic acids except for amino acids.
2. The container of claim 1 wherein the amount of calcium is about 0.2 mmolL to about 2 mmolL.
3. The container of claim 1 wherein the bicarbonate-based solution comprises a dialysis solution.
4. The container of claim 1 wherein the bicarbonate-based solution comprises an infusion solution.
5. The container of claim 1 wherein the osmotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, an amino acid, glucose, and combinations thereof.
6. A method of providing a bicarbonate-based solution, the method comprising:
forming a single solution comprising about 0 gL to about 100 gL of an osmotic agent, about 1 mmolL to about 45 mmolL of bicarbonate, about 0.1 mmolL to about 2.5 mmolL of calcium, about 100 mmolL to about 150 mmolL of sodium, about 0.2 mmolL to about 1.0 mmolL of magnesium, about 70 mmolL to about 120 mmolL of chloride, about 0 mmolL to about 5 mmolL of potassium, wherein the single solution excludes organic acids except for amino acids; and
storing the single solution in a container having a gas barrier that is not in a form of an over pouch wherein the single solution is heat sterilized in a single chamber of the container, wherein the single solution remains stable for at least three months after heat sterilization at a pH ranging from about 6.9 to about 7.9, and wherein the pH is adjusted prior to heat sterilization.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the single solution can be used during dialysis therapy.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the single solution can be used during infusion therapy.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the osmotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, an amino acid, glucose, and combinations thereof.
10. A method of storing a dialysis solution, the method comprising:
preparing a single solution comprising about 0 gL to about 100 gL of an osmotic agent, about 1 mmolL to about 45 mmolL of bicarbonate, about 0.1 mmolL to about 2.5 mmolL of calcium, about 100 mmolL to about 150 mmolL of sodium, about 0.2 mmolL to about 1.0 mmolL of magnesium, about 70 mmolL to about 120 mmolL of chloride, and about 0 mmolL to about 5 mmolL of potassium, wherein the single solution excludes organic acids except for amino acids;
packaging the single solution in a container having a gas barrier that is not in a form of an over pouch, wherein the single solution is heat sterilized in a single chamber of the container; and
storing the single solution in the container wherein the single solution remains stable at a pH that ranges from about 6.9 to about 7.9 in the container for at least 3 months prior to use, and wherein the pH is adjusted prior to heat sterilization.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the single solution includes a dialysis solution.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the single solution includes an infusion solution.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the osmotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, an amino acid, glucose, and combinations thereof.
14. A method of providing dialysis therapy to a patient, the method comprising:
providing a dialysis solution that does not require admixing, the dialysis solution comprising about 0 gL to about 100 gL of an osmotic agent, about 1 mmolL to about 45 mmolL of bicarbonate, about 0.1 mmolL to about 2.5 mmolL of calcium, about 0 mmolL to about 5 mmolL of potassium, about 100 mmolL to about 150 mmolL of sodium, about 0.2 mmolL to about 1.0 mmolL of magnesium, and about 70 mmolL to about 120 mmolL of chloride, wherein the dialysis solution is stored in a container having a gas barrier that is not in a form of an over pouch, wherein the dialysis solution is heat sterilized in a single chamber of the container and remains stable for at least three months at a pH ranging from about 6.9 to about 7.9, wherein the pH is adjusted prior to heat sterilization, and wherein the dialysis solution excludes organic acids except for amino acids; and
providing a therapeutically effective amount of the dialysis solution to a patient in need of same.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the dialysis solution is used during dialysis therapy selected from the group consisting of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, peritoneal dialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the dialysis solution is used as a dialysate.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the dialysis solution is infused into the patient as an infusion solution.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the osmotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, an amino acid, glucose, and combinations thereof.