1. A lateral bracing system for use in constructions, the lateral bracing system comprising:
a structural frame having a beam and a column; and
a buckling restraint plate affixed to the beam; and
a yield plate, between the buckling restraint plate and structural frame, the yield plate capable of yielding in tension and compression to dissipate stress within the frame upon a lateral load applied to the structural frame.
2. A lateral bracing system as recited in claim 1, wherein the buckling restraint plate and yield plate between allows omission of a lateral-torsional buckling restraint system on the beam.
3. A construction including a beam and a column, the construction comprising:
a buckling restraint plate of being affixed to an end of the beam, the buckling restraint plate including a first end nearest the end of the beam when the block is affixed to the beam and a second end opposite the first end; and
a yield member including a first end capable of being affixed to the column, and a second end capable of being affixed to the beam, the buckling restraint plate covering the yield member, the yield member capable of yielding in tension and compression to dissipate stress within the frame upon a lateral load applied to the beam andor column.
4. A construction as recited in claim 1, wherein the yield member includes a middle section having a lower strength than the first and second ends, the yield member yielding at the middle section upon a given tensile force.
5. A construction as recited in claim 4, wherein the middle section has a smaller diameter than the first and second ends.
6. A construction as recited in claim 1, further comprising one or more spacers in between the beam and the buckling restraint plate, the one or more spacers being coplanar with the yield member.
7. A construction, comprising:
a column;
a beam;
a shear tab affixed between the column and beam; and
a lateral bracing system affixed between the column and beam, including:
a pair of buckling restraint plates, one each on a top and bottom flange of the beam, each buckling restraint plate including a first end affixed to an end of the beam and a second end opposite the first end; and
a pair of yield members, each yield member including a first end affixed to the column, and a second end affixed to the beam, a yield member of the pair of yield members capable of yielding in tension and compression to dissipate stress within the frame upon a lateral load applied to the beam andor column.
8. A construction as recited in claim 7, wherein the first end of the yield member is bolted to the column and the second end of the yield member is bolted to the beam.
9. A construction as recited in claim 7, further comprising one or more spacers in between the beam and the buckling restraint plate, the one or more spacers being coplanar with the yield member.
10. A method of assembling a frame having a beam, column and lateral bracing system therebetween, comprising the steps of:
(a) bolting a yield member to a first one of the beam and column;
(b) affixing a buckling restraint plate to the beam, covering a yield plate of the yield member; and
(c) bolting the yield member to a second one of the beam and column.
11. A method as recited in claim 10, said step (a) of affixing a buckling restraint member to a first one of the beam and column comprising the step of affixing the buckling restraint member to one of the beam and column prior to the beam and column arriving at a worksite.
12. A method as recited in claim 10, the yield member affixed in said step (a) and the buckling restraint plate affixed in said step (b) together resisting lateral deflection of the beam relative to the column, but yielding at the yield plate of the yield member upon loads above a threshold level.
13. A method as recited in claim 10, the yield plate affixed in said step (a) and the buckling restraint plate affixed in said step (b) together resisting lateral deflection of the beam relative to the column by placing tensile loads on the yield plate by the yield plate being constrained against yielding by the yield strength of the yield plate.
14. A method as recited in claim 10, the yield plate affixed in said step (a) and the buckling restraint plate affixed in said step (b) together resisting lateral deflection of the beam relative to the column by placing compressive forces on the yield plate by the yield plate being constrained against buckling by the buckling restraint plate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An emission flow rate measuring apparatus including a differential pressure gauge for detecting the differential pressure of emission flowing in an emission passage, the apparatus further comprising:
an arithmetic processing unit programmed to resolve the pressure signal by frequency, and correct the flow rate by using a predetermined correction coefficient corresponding to frequency.
2. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 1 wherein the arithmetic processing unit is further programmed to resolve the pressure signal by frequency and amplitude, and correct the flow rate by using a predetermined correction coefficient corresponding to frequency and amplitude.
3. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 2 further comprising:
a pulsation generation device provided in an emission passage for generating pressure fluctuations at different frequency and amplitude sequentially in the gas flow;
an arithmatic processing unit for determining a correction coefficient by comparing the flow rate determined from the differential pressure signal detected in a pressure fluctuation generated state and the flow rate of actually flowing gas; and
a storage unit for storing the correction coefficient.
4. An emission flow rate measuring apparatus including a total pressure detector and a static pressure detector provided in a passage of emission exhausted from an engine, the apparatus further comprising:
a differential pressure sensor connected to the total pressure detector and static pressure detector, wherein the differential pressure sensor outputs a differential pressure signal at a frequency higher than pulsation frequency of emission and the emission flow rate is calculated from this differential pressure signal.
5. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein the differential pressure sensor is a semiconductor differential pressure sensor.
6. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein a response difference adjusting mechanism is provided between the total pressure detector and differential pressure sensor.
7. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein a response difference adjusting mechanism is provided between the static pressure detector and differential pressure sensor.
8. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein a response difference adjusting mechanism is provided, and wherein the response difference adjusting mechanism is an element from the group consisting essentially of a buffer tank, capillary or throttle valve.
9. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein a communicating part is provided between the differential pressure sensor and one of the other pressure sensors, and this communicating part is formed of a piping of length of 20 m or less and inside diameter of 1.0 to 50 mm.
10. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein the differential pressure indicated by the differential pressure signal is once converted into a flow rate, and is averaged, so that the average flow rate of emission is determined.
11. The emission flow rate measuring apparatus of claim 4 further being constituted as a car-mount type.
12. An emission flow rate measuring apparatus including a total pressure detector and a static pressure detector provided in a passage of emission exhausted from an engine, the apparatus further comprising:
a differential pressure sensor connected to the total pressure detector and static pressure detector, wherein the differential, pressure sensor outputs a differential pressure signal at a frequency higher than pulsation frequency of emission while the engine is idling, and the emission flow rate is calculated from this differential pressure signal.
13. An emission flow rate measuring apparatus including a total pressure detector and a static pressure detector provided in a passage of emission exhausted from an engine, the apparatus further comprising:
a differential pressure sensor connected to the total pressure detector and static pressure detector, wherein when the differential pressure signal of the differential pressure sensor is negative, a backward flowrate is obtained by multiplying the square root of the absolute value of the differential pressure signal by \u22121.
14. A method for measuring a flow rate of exhaust gases from an engine, wherein the method utilizes a differential pressure type flow meter to obtain a pressure signal, the method further comprising:
resolving the pressure signal by frequency; and
correcting the flow rate by using a predetermined correction coefficient corresponding to frequency.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
resolving the pressure signal by frequency and amplitude; and
correcting the flow rate by using a predetermined correction coefficient corresponding to frequency and amplitude.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the correction coefficients are obtained by comparison with the substantial flow rate of gases whose pressure has various frequencies and amplitudes and are applied to flow in a passageway of exhaust gases.
17. A method for measuring a flow rate of exhaust gases, using a total pressure detector and a static pressure detector which are connected to a differential pressure detector and are disposed in a passageway of exhaust gases from an engine, the method further comprising:
obtaining a backward flow rate by multiplying the square root of the absolute value of the differential pressure signal by \u22121 in the case that the signal value is negative.