1. A transmission apparatus, comprising:
an image encoder that encodes image data to form encoded image data;
a transmitter to wirelessly transmit the encoded image data; and
a controller to detect a quality of a wireless transmission of the encoded image data and control, based on the detected quality, a wireless transmission rate as a transmission code amount of the transmitter per unit time and an image transmission rate as a generated code amount of the image encoder per unit time, the image transmission rate being controlled within a first response time when being lowered and controlled within a second response time longer than the first response time when being raised,
in which the controller is configured to control the image transmission rate of the image encoder to be raised at a time point at which the wireless transmission rate has continued higher than the image transmission rate for a certain period, and
in which the certain period is 0.3 second to 1 second such that when the wireless transmission rate has continued higher than the image transmission rate for 0.3 second to 1 second the controller raises the image transmission rate of the image encoder.
2. The transmission apparatus according to claim 1,
wherein the controller raises the image transmission rate stepwise toward a current image transmission rate every time the certain period passes when raising the image transmission rate.
3. The transmission apparatus according to claim 1, in which the second response time is within a predetermined time range which is between 1 second and 3 seconds such that the first response time is less than the predetermined time range.
4. The transmission apparatus according to claim 1, in which the first response time is such as to cause the image transmission rate to be lowered immediately.
5. A transmission method, comprising:
encoding image data to form encoded image data;
wirelessly transmitting the encoded image data;
detecting a quality of a wireless transmission of the encoded image data; and
controlling, based on the detected quality, a wireless transmission rate as a transmission code amount per unit time and an image transmission rate as a generated code amount per unit time, the image transmission rate being controlled within a first response time when being lowered and controlled within a second response time longer than the first response time when being raised,
in which the controlling includes controlling the image transmission rate of the image encoder to be raised at a time point at which the wireless transmission rate has continued higher than the image transmission rate for a certain period, and
in which the certain period is 0.3 second to 1 second such that when the wireless transmission rate has continued higher than the image transmission rate for 0.3 second to 1 second the image transmission rate of the image encoder is raised.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for removing polychlorinated biphenyl contaminants from contaminated plastics or metals, comprising the steps of:
placing the plastics or metals in an extraction vessel;
heating a solvent to above its critical temperature;
pressurizing the vessel with the heated solvent to a predetermined pressure;
pumping a stream of fresh solvent into the extraction vessel while an extract stream of solvent with dissolved contaminants therein flows out of the extraction vessel;
separating the dissolved contaminants in the solvent and collecting the separated contaminants;
pumping the separated solvent back to the extraction vessel;
depressurizing the extraction vessel;
unloading solid raffinate from the extraction vessel; and
wherein the solid raffinate contains less than 2 parts per million of polychlorinated biphenyl.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising two or more extraction vessels.
3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of operating the two or more extraction vessel at different stages of a cycle, wherein the stages comprise a sequence of solid-waste loading, pressurization, extraction, depressurization and unloading.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is only carbon dioxide.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heated solvent is selected from a group consisting of ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, ethanol, nitrous oxide, butane, isobutene, sulfur hexafluoride, trifluoromethane, dimethylether, and a combination thereof
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising with one or more co-solvents selected from a group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, toluene, dichloromethane, ethyl ether, heptane, hexane, methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, acetone, chloroform, fluoroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, pentane, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, and a combination thereof.
7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the steps of:
separating the contaminants and co-solvent from the solvent; and
collecting the separated contaminants.
8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of pumping the separated co-solvent back to the extraction vessel.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the co-solvent can be varied from 0%-wt to 50%-wt at any time during the process.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the co-solvent can be varied from 1%-wt to 50%-wt.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the co-solvent can be varied from 8%-wt to 20%-wt.
12. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the predetermined pressurize ranges between 80 and 1,000 bar.
13. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the predetermined pressurize ranges between 200 to 800 bar.
14. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the predetermined pressurize ranges between 325-600 bar.
15. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the critical temperature ranges between 20 and 150 degrees Celsius
16. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the critical temperature ranges between 60 and 125 degrees Celsius.
17. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the critical temperature ranges between 225 and 350 degrees Celsius.
18. A remediated material according to the method of claim 1, wherein the remediated material contains greater than 50% metals or plastics or any combination thereof.
19. A remediated material according to the method of claim 1, wherein the remediated material contains greater than 50% metals.
20. A remediated material according to the method of claim 1, wherein the remediated material contains greater than 50% plastic.
21. A remediated material according to the method of claim 1, wherein the remediated material contains greater than 50% of a combination of metals and plastic.
22. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the separated solvent is a liquid.
23. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the separated solvent is a gas.
24. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of separating the dissolved contaminants in the solvent is done by depressurization.
25. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of separating the dissolved contaminants in the solvent is done by changes in temperature.
26. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of separating the dissolved contaminants in the solvent is done by adsorption.
27. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of separating the dissolved contaminants in the solvent is done by a membrane.
28. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the contaminated plastics or metals are automobile shredded residue.