1. A complex of the formula Ia or Ib,
where the variables are defined as follows:
Nu is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N\u2014R4, P\u2014R4 and combinations thereof,
M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Ni, Pd and combinations thereof,
h is an integer from 0 to 4;
y corresponds to the oxidation state of M minus 1;
z corresponds to the oxidation state of M minus 2;
X are identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6-alkoxy, acetylacetonate, N(R5R6), C1-C8-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl and combinations thereof,
R1, R4 are identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C1-C18-alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C2-C18-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, having from 1 to 4 isolated or conjugated double bonds,
C3-C12-cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C7-C13-aralkyl,
C6-C14-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of
C1-C18-alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C2-C18-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C3-C12-cycloalkyl,
C7-C13-aralkyl,
C6-C14-aryl,
halogen,
C1-C6-alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted,
C6-C14-aryloxy,
SiR5R6R7, O\u2014SiR5R6R7 and combinations thereof,
five- to six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl radicals, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of
C1-C18-alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C2-C18-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted,
C3-C12-cycloalkyl,
C7-C13-aralkyl,
C6-C14-aryl,
halogen,
C1-C6-alkoxy,
C6-C14-aryloxy,
SiR5R6R7, O\u2014SiR5R6R7 and combinations thereof,
R2 is C6-C14-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, or a five- to six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl radical, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, where the substituents are as defined above,
R3 is C1-C18-alkyl, C2-C18-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, having from one to 4 isolated or conjugated double bonds, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, or a five- to six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl radical, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, where the substituents are as defined above,
where adjacent radicals R1 to R4 may be joined to one another to form a 5- to 12-membered ring which may in turn bear substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-C8-alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C2-C8-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, having from one to 4 isolated or conjugated double bonds, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl, and combinations thereof,
L1 is an uncharged organic or inorganic ligand,
R5 and R7 are identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C8-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl and combinations thereof.
2. A complex as claimed in claim 1, wherein Nu is oxygen, M is selected from among Ti and Zr, h is not equal to 0 and X is halogen.
3. A complex as claimed in claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd and combinations thereof, h is not equal to 0 and
L1 is selected from the group consisting of
phosphines (R8)xPH3\u2212x,
amines (R8)xNH3\u2212x,
ethers (R8)2O,
H2O,
alcohols (R8)OH,
pyridine,
pyridine derivatives of the formula C5H5\u2212x(R8)xN,
CO,
C1-C12-alkyl nitriles,
C6-C14-aryl nitriles,
ethylenically unsaturated double bond systems and combinations thereof,
where x is an integer from 0 to 3, and
R8 are identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of C1-C18-alkyl, C2-C18-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, having from one to 4 isolated or conjugated double bonds, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, and five- to six-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl radicals, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents and combinations thereof.
4. A process for the polymerization or copolymerization of olefins or of styrene which comprises utilizing complexes of the formula Ia or Ib as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3.
5. A process for preparing polyolefin waxes which comprises utilizing complexes of the formula Ia or Ib as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 and a regulator.
6. A process for preparing complexes as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which comprises firstly deprotonating a protonated ligand of the formula II
by means of a base and subsequently reacting the product with a metal compound MXy+1, where M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Ni, Pd and combinations thereof and X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6-alkoxy, acetylacetonate, N(R5R6), C1-C8-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C7-C13-aralkyl, C6-C14-aryl and combinations thereof and MXy+1 may optionally be stabilized by uncharged inorganic or organic ligands.
7. A process for preparing a supported catalyst for the polymerization or copolymerization of olefins, which comprises depositing one or more complexes as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 and optionally an activator on a solid support.
8. A supported catalyst for the polymerization or copolymerization of olefins which comprises utilizing a process as claimed in claim 7.
9. A process for the polymerization or copolymerization of olefins which comprises utilizing a supported catalyst as claimed in claim 8.
10. A process for the emulsion polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene or other 1-olefins which comprises utilizing a complex of the formula Ia or b as claimed in claim 1 or 3.
11. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein said regulator is hydrogen.
12. A process for the emulsion polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene or other 1-olefins and further olefins which comprises utilizing a complex of the formula Ia or b as claimed in claim 1 or 3.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A fiber laser amplifier with an average laser power of more than about 500 W, and an almost diffraction-limited beam quality (M2<1.5), wherein the amplifier comprises:
a double-clad laser fiber that comprises a separate laser-active fiber core having an outer diameter of at least about 20 \u03bcm, and a pump core surrounding the fiber core and having of an outer diameter of at least about 50 \u03bcm; and
a ytterbium-doped solid state laser that emits pump light with a beam quality of M2< about 30, and a laser power of at least about 600 watts, for pumping the double-clad laser fiber.
2. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the solid state laser is a diode-pumped Yb:YAG disc laser.
3. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the fiber core includes quartz glass that is at least partially doped with laser-active ions.
4. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the fiber core is at least partially doped with ytterbium3+ ions.
5. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the fiber core is at least partially doped with neodymium3+.
6. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the fiber core is doped with both neodymium3+ ions and ytterbium 3+ ions, wherein the different ions are either provided in the same partial volume or are at least partially spatially separated.
7. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the laser active fiber core is at least partially doped with further ions, in particular Ge4+ or F\u2212.
8. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pump core includes quartz glass.
9. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pump core is at least partially doped with ions, in particular Ge4+ or F\u2212.
10. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pump core defines periodically arranged, air-filled cavities.
11. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the laser fiber includes a pump cladding that surrounds the pump core.
12. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding includes quartz glass.
13. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding is at least partially doped with ions.
14. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 13, wherein the pump cladding is at least partially doped with F\u2212.
15. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding defines air-filled cavities.
16. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding has an outer diameter of between about 100 \u03bcm and about 600 \u03bcm.
17. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding has an outer diameter of between about 100 \u03bcm and about 400 \u03bcm.
18. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 11, wherein the pump cladding has an outer diameter of between about 55 \u03bcm and about 2000 \u03bcm.
19. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the outer diameter of the laser-active fiber core is smaller than approximately 50 \u03bcm.
20. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the outer diameter of the pump core is smaller than about 300 \u03bcm.
21. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the outer diameter of the pump core is smaller than about 200 \u03bcm.
22. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the numerical aperture of the pump core is between about 0.15 and about 0.7.
23. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the numerical aperture of the pump core is between about 0.2 and about 0.35.
24. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the laser fiber substantially maintains the polarization of the radiation that is coupled into the fiber core and amplified.
25. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 24, wherein the laser fiber includes structures that are rotationally asymmetric and that induce tension.
26. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the solid state laser is coupled to the laser fiber through an optical fiber.
27. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, further comprising a dichroic mirror that is disposed between the solid state laser and the laser fiber.
28. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the solid state laser is modulated.
29. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein the solid state laser is Q-switched.
30. The fiber laser amplifier of claim 1, wherein:
the fiber laser amplifier has a laser wavelength of about 1060 to about 1100 nm; and
the solid state laser emits pump light with a wavelength of about 1030 nm.
31. A fiber laser oscillator with an average laser power of more than about 500 W and an almost diffraction-limited beam quality (M2<1.5), the oscillator comprising:
a double-clad laser fiber that comprises a separate laser-active fiber core having an outer diameter of at least about 20 \u03bcm, and a pump core surrounding the fiber core and having an outer diameter of at least about 50 \u03bcm;
a ytterbium-doped solid state laser that emits pump light with a beam quality of M2< about 30, and a laser power of at least about 600 watts, for pumping the double-clad laser fiber; and
resonator mirrors at ends of the laser fiber for forming an oscillator.
32. The fiber laser oscillator of claim 31, wherein a first resonator mirror is disposed between the solid state laser and the laser fiber.
33. The fiber laser oscillator of claim 32, wherein the first resonator mirror is a dichroic mirror.
34. The fiber laser oscillator of claim 31, wherein at least one of the resonator mirrors is a fiber Bragg grating.
35. The fiber laser oscillator of claim 31, wherein:
the fiber laser oscillator has a wavelength of about 1060 to about 1100 nm; and
the solid state laser emits pump light with a wavelength of about 1030 nm.
36. A laser processing machine including a fiber laser oscillator as a processing laser, wherein the fiber laser oscillator has an average laser power of more than about 500 W and an almost diffraction-limited beam quality (M2<1.5), the oscillator comprising:
a double-clad laser fiber that comprises a separate laser-active fiber core having an outer diameter of at least about 20 \u03bcm, and a pump core surrounding the fiber core and having of an outer diameter of at least about 50 \u03bcm;
an ytterbium-doped solid state laser that emits pump light with beam quality of M2< about 30, and a laser power of at least about 600 watts, for pumping the double-clad laser fiber; and
resonator mirrors at ends of the laser fiber for forming an oscillator.
37. The laser processing machine of claim 36, wherein the ytterbium-doped solid state laser is also provided directly for material processing.
38. The laser processing machine of claim 36, wherein:
the fiber laser oscillator has a laser wavelength of about 1060 to about 1100 nm; and
the solid state laser emits pump light with a wavelength of about 1030 nm.