1. A communications switch, comprising: a plurality of numerically identified input traffic ports at which messages enter the switch; a plurality of numerically identified output traffic ports at which messages leave the switch; at least one numerical processor; each message entering the switch by a numerically identified input traffic port containing a header which contains a label stack that includes at least one valid label which is a significant label; at least one significant label extraction means for extracting a numerical value of the significant label contained within the header of a particular one of the messages which entered the switch via a particular one of the numerically identified input traffic ports, and for supplying the extracted numerical value of the significant label to the at least one numerical processor operative for using the significant label of the particular one of the messages and a numerical value of the particular one of the numerically identified input traffic ports to form a numerical result which directly equates to a number of the numerically identified output traffic port by which said particular one of the messages leaves the switch.
2. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, wherein a numerically identified input traffic port and a numerically identified output traffic port form a duplex pair having the same numerical identity.
3. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, wherein the header contains multiple valid labels in the label stack, and wherein a first label in the stack received by the switch is the significant label.
4. The communications switch as claimed in claim 3, wherein once the numerical value of the significant label has been extracted, the significant label is moved to a last position in the stack.
5. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, wherein the numerical result is equal to the numerical value of the significant label.
6. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, wherein the numerical result is equal to a modulo addition of the numerical value of the significant label and the numerical value of the particular one of the numerically identified input traffic ports.
7. The communications switch as claimed in claim 6, and an interface for applying a set of connection rules, and wherein the messages are not forwarded from the switch unless the messages comply with the applied set of connection rules.
8. The communications switch as claimed in claim 7, wherein the header of the particular one of the messages includes a broadcast indicator, and wherein the particular one of the messages leaves the switch via all the numerically identified output traffic ports, except the numerically identified output traffic port which has the same number as the numerically identified input traffic port by which the particular one of the messages entered the switch.
9. The communications switch as claimed in claim 8, wherein each message leaving the switch has a used significant label set to the same numerical value as a similar message would have if the similar message had entered on the same numerically identified input traffic port and left on the same numerically identified output traffic port, except that the similar message does not include the broadcast indicator.
10. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, and separate and additional gateways for generating the messages with label stacks, for receiving the messages, for generating broadcast messages, for receiving the broadcast messages, for generating broadcast response messages using a reverse label stack, and for receiving the broadcast messages containing a violation indicator.
11. The communications switch as claimed in claim 1, wherein the header of each message also includes a service domain permit number to indicate to which service domain a message belongs; and means for comparing a quantity of traffic from each service domain that is forwarded to a numerically identified output traffic port against capacity allocation parameters held for a respective service domain for the numerically identified output traffic port.
12. The communications switch as claimed in claim 11, wherein if a numerically identified output traffic port is affected by the capacity allocation parameters being exceeded, then a broadcast message containing a violation indicator is initiated in an opposite direction by the affected numerically identified output traffic port via the numerically identified input traffic port having the same numerical identity.
13. A partially interconnected network, comprising: a plurality of communications switches connected to form the network, each switch as claimed in claim 1, the plurality of switches being allocated nodes or star nodes, each allocated node being allocated to one of a number of areas, a plurality of point-to-point interconnections between the allocated nodes and the star nodes, wherein a number of areas with allocated nodes interconnected to an individual star node forms a number of routes from an individual star node, the allocated nodes of a first of the areas being interconnected to a set comprising some, but not all, of the star nodes, and wherein further of the areas are similarly interconnected to further sets each comprising star nodes, and where there is at least one interconnection choice between any two allocated nodes in different areas.
14. The network as claimed in claim 13, wherein the plurality of switches represent at least six topological nodes; wherein a topological node is a single physical node, or a group of interconnected physical nodes, or part of a physical node, or part of a group of interconnected physical nodes, or parts of physical nodes; each topological node having at least three point-to-point topological links connecting it to some, but not all, of the plurality of topological nodes; and where there is at least one choice of routing between any two topological nodes, and where the at least one choice of routing comprises either two point-to-point topological links connected in series at another of the topological nodes, or a direct point-to-point topological link between the two topological nodes.
15. The network as claimed in claim 13, wherein the plurality of switches represent a plurality of nodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of nodes includes a switching means for carrying out a simple transit core function, and wherein three or more of the plurality of nodes include a single link interface having associated output attributes andor input cognizant attributes, wherein each simple transit core function at one node is not logically connected to another simple transit core function at another node, wherein each simple transit core function at one node is logically connected to at least three single link interfaces at other nodes, and wherein the nodes including single link interfaces which are connected to one instance of a node arranged to carry out a simple transit core function are controlled by respective intercommunicating connection acceptance control processes according to the respective output attributes andor input cognizant attributes.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A surface light source device using light emitting diodes, the device comprising:
a housing having a top opening to emit light;
a light emitting diode board disposed on an inner bottom surface of the housing, the board on which a plurality of light emitting diodes are arranged; and
a color conversion laminate formed by depositing a plurality of phosphor-mixed resin layers containing phosphors, the layers disposed above the plurality of light emitting diodes to be perpendicular to each other, the layers disposed at a top of the opening of the housing and providing light having different wavelength,
wherein the plurality of phosphor-mixed resin layers are deposited in such a way that a first phosphor-mixed layer adjacent the plurality of light emitting diodes provides a relatively lower wavelength than a second phosphor-mixed layer adjacent the plurality of light emitting diodes, wherein the first phosphor mixed layer is closer to the plurality of light emitting diodes than the second phosphor-mixed layer.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes is one of an ultraviolet light emitting diode and a near ultraviolet light emitting diode.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of phosphor-mixed resin layers comprises a phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a blue emitting phosphor, a phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a green emitting phosphor, and a phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a red emitting phosphor.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein the color conversion laminate is formed by sequentially depositing the phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a blue emitting phosphor, the phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a green emitting phosphor, and the phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a red emitting phosphor, from a location adjacent to the plurality of light emitting diodes.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of phosphor-mixed resin layers are formed by mixing phosphor powders providing light having different wavelengths, respectively, with one of an epoxy-based resin and a silicone-based resin.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises an inner surface formed of a reflective surface.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of phosphor-mixed resin layers include a blue phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a blue emitting phosphor, a green phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a green-emitting phosphor, and a red phosphor-mixed resin layer containing a red emitting phosphor, and the blue phosphor-mixed resin layer, the green phosphor-mixed resin layer and the red-phosphor-mixed resin layer are positioned in that order from a position adjacent to the plurality of light emitting diodes.