1. A method for identifying an individual, comprising:
a preliminary step of obtaining representations of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals, and deriving and storing the representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals from at least a selected number of representations;
producing and storing a first biometric signature that identifies a specific individual by forming the difference between a representation of the heartbeat pattern of the specific individual and the stored representation of common features of heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals;
after said producing step, obtaining a representation of the heartbeat pattern of a selected individual and producing a second biometric signature by forming the difference between the heartbeat pattern of the selected individual and the stored representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns of the plurality of individuals; and
comparing said second biometric signature with the first biometric signature to determine whether the selected individual is the specific individual.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
said step of producing and storing comprises producing and storing a plurality of first biometric signatures, each identifying a respective individual, by forming the difference between a representation of the heartbeat pattern of each respective individual and the stored representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns; and
said step of comparing is carried out with respect to each of said first biometric signatures.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said step of comparing comprises correlating said second biometric signature with each of said first biometric signatures and identifying that one of said first biometric signatures that correlates most closely to said second biometric signature.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said step of correlating comprises obtaining a correlation coefficient associated with each first biometric signature, and said step of comparing further comprises comparing the correlation coefficient associated with the identified first biometric signature with a correlation coefficient threshold.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of deriving and storing the representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals comprises deriving and storing a plurality of representations of the common features of the heartbeat patterns each from a respectively different group of the plurality of individuals.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of deriving and storing the representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals comprises producing an average of the heartbeat patterns of the plurality of individuals.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of deriving and storing the representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals comprises performing one of principal component analysis or wavelet decomposition.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of comparing comprises: correlating said second biometric signature with said first biometric signature to obtain a correlation coefficient; and comparing the correlation coefficient associated with the identified first biometric signature with a correlation coefficient threshold.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said step producing and storing a first biometric signature comprises storing the signature in a local database.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said step producing and storing a first biometric signature comprises storing the signature in a remote database.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of obtaining a representation of the heartbeat pattern of a selected individual comprises compensating for deviations in the pulse rate of the selected individual from a selected pulse rate.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of obtaining a representation of the heartbeat pattern of a selected individual comprises obtaining several representations of heartbeat patterns.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of producing and storing a first biometric signature of a specific individual comprises obtaining a plurality of representations of the heartbeat pattern of the specific individual over a period of time and producing successive first biometric signatures each from a respective one of the plurality of representations of the heartbeat pattern of the specific individual.
14. Apparatus for identifying an individual, comprising:
means for producing and storing a first biometric signature that identifies a specific individual by forming the difference between a representation of the heartbeat pattern of the specific individual and a stored representation of common features of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals;
means for obtaining, after the first biometric signature has been produced and stored, a representation of the heartbeat pattern of a selected individual and producing a second biometric signature by forming the difference between the heartbeat pattern of the selected individual and the stored representation of the common features average of the heartbeat patterns of the plurality of individuals; and
means for comparing said second biometric signature with said first biometric signature to determine whether the selected individual is the specific individual.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein:
said means for producing and storing comprises means for producing and storing a plurality of first biometric signatures, each identifying a respective individual, by forming the difference between a representation of the heartbeat pattern of each respective individual and the stored representation of the common features of the heartbeat patterns; and
said means for comparing is carried out with respect to each of said first biometric signatures.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said means for producing and storing comprises means for obtaining representations of the heartbeat patterns of a plurality of individuals, and means for deriving the stored representation of the common features from at least a selected-number of the representations.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said means for deriving comprises means for deriving a plurality of stored representations of the common features, each from a respectively different group.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said means for comparing comprises means for correlating said second biometric signature with each of said first biometric signatures and identifying that one of said first biometric signatures that correlates most closely to said second biometric signature.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said means for correlating comprises means for obtaining a correlation coefficient associated with each first biometric signature, and said means for comparing further comprises means for comparing the correlation coefficient associated with the identified first biometric signature with a correlation coefficient threshold.
20. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said means for comparing comprises: means for correlating said second biometric signature with said first biometric signature to obtain a correlation coefficient; and means for comparing the correlation coefficient associated with the identified first biometric signature with a correlation coefficient threshold.
21. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said apparatus is one of: a smart card; a passport; a driver’s license apparatus; a Bio-logon identification apparatus; a palm pilot; a cellular embedded identification apparatus; an anti-theft apparatus; an ECG monitoring apparatus, an e-banking apparatus, an e-transaction apparatus; a pet identification apparatus; a physical access apparatus; a logical access apparatus; and an apparatus combining ECG and Fingerprint monitoring.
22. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said apparatus is a Bio-logon identification apparatus for remote logon to secure resources.
23. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said apparatus is continuously in operation.
24. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said means for obtaining are constructed to be contacted by either the hands or feet of the selected individual.
25. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said apparatus is provided in a smart card that is enabled for a limited period of time after successful recognition and disabled thereafter until the next successful recognition is performed.
26. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said apparatus is constructed to operate with encryption keys or digital signatures.
27. The apparatus of claim 14 incorporated into a watch worn on the wrist, where the signal is measured between the wrist on which the watch is worn and the other hand of the wearer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method comprising:
detecting, by a coordinator device, a plurality of interactions of one or more controllers with one or more accessories in an automated environment;
collecting, by the coordinator device, accessory interaction data pertaining to each of the plurality of interactions, the accessory interaction data for a detected interaction between a controller and an accessory including information about a particular interaction message communicated between the controller and the accessory during the detected interaction, wherein collecting the accessory interaction data includes collecting data from one or both of the controller or the accessory;
analyzing the accessory interaction data to detect a pattern; and
providing feedback to a user based on the detected pattern.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
subsequent to detecting the pattern, detecting a deviation from the pattern; and
in response to detecting the deviation, prompting the user to take an action conforming to the pattern.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
determining that the detected pattern differs from a preferred pattern based on a recommended practice; and
recommending to the user a change in the detected pattern to conform more closely to the preferred pattern.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the recommended practice reduces energy consumption.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the recommended practice shifts energy consumption away from peak hours.
6. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
subsequent to determining that the detected pattern differs from the preferred pattern, detecting a specific instance in which a user action matches the detected pattern; and
in response to detecting the specific instance, issuing a prompt to the user to conform more closely to the preferred pattern.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
presenting to the user an offer to automate an accessory action based on the detected pattern; and
in the event that the user accepts the offer, establishing an automation rule to automatically initiate the accessory action in response to a triggering condition defined based on the detected pattern.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the accessory interaction data for the detected interaction includes one or more of a group consisting of:
an indicator of which of the one or more controllers participated in the detected interaction;
an indicator of which of the one or more accessories participated in the detected interaction;
location information indicating a location of the controller that participated in the detected interaction;
a time at which the detected interaction occurred; and
state information pertaining to the automated environment.
9. A method comprising:
detecting, by a controller, a plurality of interactions with one or more accessories in an automated environment;
collecting, by the controller, accessory interaction data pertaining to each of the plurality of interactions, the accessory interaction data for a detected interaction between a controller and an accessory including information about a particular interaction message communicated between the controller and the accessory during the detected interaction;
analyzing the collected accessory interaction data to detect a pattern; and
providing feedback to a user based on the detected pattern.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of interactions occur while the controller is physically within the automated environment.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
subsequent to detecting the pattern, detecting a deviation from the pattern; and
in response to detecting the deviation, prompting the user to take an action conforming to the pattern.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
determining that the detected pattern differs from a preferred pattern based on a recommended practice; and
recommending to the user a change in the detected pattern to conform more closely to the preferred pattern.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the recommended practice reduces energy consumption.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the recommended practice shifts energy consumption away from peak hours.
15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
subsequent to determining that the detected pattern differs from the preferred pattern, detecting a specific instance in which a user action matches the detected pattern; and
in response to detecting the specific instance, issuing a prompt to the user to conform more closely to the preferred pattern.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein providing feedback to the user includes:
presenting to the user an offer to automate an accessory action based on the detected pattern; and
in the event that the user accepts the offer, establishing an automation rule to automatically initiate the accessory action in response to a triggering condition defined based on the detected pattern.
17. The method of claim 9, wherein the accessory interaction data includes one or more of a group consisting of:
an indicator of which of the one or more accessories participated in the accessory interaction;
location information indicating a location of the controller at a time of the accessory interaction;
a time at which the accessory interaction occurred; and
state information pertaining to the automated environment.
18. A coordinator device comprising:
a communication interface to communicate with one or more accessories in an automated environment and to communicate with one or more controller devices; and
a processor coupled to the communication interface and configured to:
detect a plurality of interactions of one or more controllers with one or more accessories in an automated environment;
collect accessory interaction data pertaining to each of the plurality of interactions, the accessory interaction data for a detected interaction between a controller and an accessory including information about a particular interaction message communicated between the controller and the accessory during the detected interaction, wherein collecting the accessory interaction data includes collecting data from one or both of the controller or the accessory;
analyze the accessory interaction data to detect a pattern; and
provide feedback to a user based on the detected pattern.
19. A mobile controller device comprising:
a communication interface to communicate with one or more accessories in an automated environment; and
a processor coupled to the communication interface and configured to:
detect a plurality of interactions with one or more accessories in an automated environment;
collect accessory interaction data pertaining to each of the plurality of interactions, the accessory interaction data for a detected interaction between a controller and an accessory including information about a particular interaction message communicated between the controller and the accessory during the detected interaction;
analyze the collected accessory interaction data to detect a pattern; and
provide feedback to a user based on the detected pattern.