1. A method of forming an anti-fog or anti-frost coating on at least a portion of a substrate, the method comprising:
treating, prior to application of the anti-fog or anti-frost coating, at least a portion of the substrate with a solution consisting essentially of a first silane in water;
preparing a mixture of:
i) a first component comprising about 46% diacetone alcohol, about 4% N-methyl Pyrrolidone, about 4% t-butanol, about 8% Cyclohexane, about 6% 2,4-pentanedione, and about 2% Aromatic 150; and
ii) a second component comprising about 66% polyisocyanate, about 1% free monomeric isocyanates, about 11% xylene, about 11% n-butyl acetate, and about 11% toluene;
wherein the mixture ratio of the first component to the second component is about 100:about 30-33;
adding a second silane to the mixture, wherein the second silane is different than the first silane;
applying the mixture to the substrate; and
curing the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture does not contain additional solvents.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture ratio of the first component to the second component is about 100:about 30.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is applied with a single coating step.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the curing is achieved in a single curing cycle.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second silane comprises 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second silane is present in an amount of about 1% to about 8%.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second silane is present in an amount of about 6%.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first silane comprises amino alkyl silicone.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the treating comprises preparing a rinse water mixture comprising about 1% or less of the first silane and applying said mixture to said portion of the substrate.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the rinse water mixture comprises about 0.031% of the first silane.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on top of a mirror.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on top of a mirror designed for use in a sauna or steam room.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on top of a transparent or semi-transparent substrate designed for use in a bathroom.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on top of a window designed for use on the exterior of a building.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on top of a mirror that is a part of an automobile.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is cured using radiant energy.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is applied with a curtain coater.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the mixture is applied with a curtain coater that is modified to give the mixture a laminar flow as it is applied to the substrate.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the mixture is applied with a weir-type curtain coater wherein the size of the weir lip is modified to avoid a semi-turbulent flow of the mixture as it is applied to the substrate.
21. The method of claim 1, whereby when applied to a substrate, the anti-fog or anti-frost coating results in a substrate and anti-fog or anti-frost coating structure that is substantially transparent to visible light.
22. The method of claim 1, whereby when applied to a reflective substrate, the anti-fog or anti-frost coating results in a reflective substrate and anti-fog or anti-frost coating structure that substantially reflects visible light.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Apparatus with facing bell members, for modified-atmosphere packaging of products placed in trays, which comprises means for the cyclic positioning of an extended portion of barrier film between the said two open bell members and over trays housed with gasket means in the seats of the bottom bell member, which also comprises means for moving the said bell members towards each other, to close between them the said film and to close under and at a suitable distance from this latter the edge of the tray, apparatus of the type that, when the bell members are closed, they form therein two volumes not directly communicating, one of which is formed by the internal chambers of the same bell members that communicate freely with each other via circuits, for example peripheral, while the other volume is formed by the main chambers of the trays with the product, wherein the said chambers are connected with a portion of their perimeter to holes and to a dedicated circuit for the controlled introduction of process gases and are connected with another portion of their same perimeter to discharge holes for implementation of the air extraction and washing steps, characterized by comprising internal valve means to enable the main chambers of the trays to communicate, or not, with the said internal chambers of the bell members, to balance the differences in pressures between the said two volumes during the sequence of steps of the vacuum and exchange cycle of the gases required to produce packaging of the type known as Modified Atmosphere Packages.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the said balancing valve means are of one-way type and are automatic, as they are controlled by the differences in pressure existing upstream and downstream thereof.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the said automatic one-way valve means comprise as openings some of the said discharge holes that connect a raised part of the perimeter of each main chamber of the trays with an internal chamber of the bottom bell member and comprise as intercepting means the packaging film which is initially placed over the said holes and which acts as membrane sensitive to the pressures or vacuums created in the said internal chambers of the top and bottom bell members of the same apparatus.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the said gasket means provide in each seat for housing a tray an annular, endless and flexible lip seal gasket, which projects into the internal opening of each said seat, to cooperate with seal with the outer lateral and usually inclined surface of the tray each time a same tray is lowered into a seat.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the said lip seal gasket is made of silicone rubber or equivalent material and with the outer perimeter edge is fixed on the top edge of the seats for housing a tray, by means of a small rigid and flat frame and with appropriately distributed fixing screws, the said gasket being provided in the corner areas of the projecting part thereof with recesses arched and connected with the appropriate connection to the consecutive portions of the same gasket, so that the gasket in question can unite, intimately and with seal, the top or medium-top lateral outer part of the tray inserted in the said seats of the bottom bell member.
6. Apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that if the bottom bell member is provided with two parallel rows of seats the said holes intercepted at the top by the film are located at least on the portion of surface positioned between the two rows of seats and these holes are arranged symmetrically starting from the nodes or intersections of the same rows of seats along which intermediate holes of larger diameter and arranged in several parallel rows are provided.
7. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the said holes are suitably flared at the top end designed to cooperate with the barrier film.
8. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the sum of the sections of the said holes is less than the sum of the sections of the said peripheral circuits that connect the internal chambers of the bell members to each other, and the section of these same peripheral circuits is greater than that of the openings with which the internal chamber of the bottom bell member communicates with a duct that carries the mouth for introducing the vacuum or the balancing compressed air and which is in direct and preferential communication with the said peripheral circuits, all so that the vacuum or pressure conditions that are created in this duct, extend rapidly to the internal chamber of the top bell member and with a delay also extend to the internal chamber of the bottom bell member.
9. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by comprising in association with the top bell member internal means that limit raising of the film, above all in the initial part of the step for introducing process gases into the main chamber of the trays.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein one of the said means that limit raising of the film in the operating steps of the same apparatus comprises a press associated with spring means to the same plate that carries the welding and cutting means of the film, and this press has a linear shape, is placed above and parallel to the portion of surface of the bottom bell member on which the said holes intercepted by the film are aligned and the same press is arranged so that when the plate with the welding and cutting means is lowered, the same press first touches the film with an elastic and yielding gasket thereof and carries the same film to close the holes below to prevent any pollution of the main chambers of the trays while the steps of introducing the process gases and balancing the pressure continue.