1. A matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes, comprising:
drive means including a scanning circuit to drive said scanning electrodes and a signal circuit to drive said signal electrodes, said drive means being positioned on one side of said display unit,
wherein a predetermined amplitude pulse is superimposed to a signal which is to be applied to said signal electrodes, in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period.
2. The display unit according to claim 1, wherein the scanning circuit and the signal circuit are formed within a single semiconductor chip.
3. The display unit according to claim 1, wherein by selecting simultaneously L number of the scanning electrodes where L is an integer greater than one, a gradation display is made.
4. A matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes,
wherein a predetermined amplitude pulse is superimposed to a signal which is to be applied to said signal electrodes, in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period, and
wherein said pulse width is in a range from 0.06 to 0.23 when the horizontal scanning period is specified to be 1.
5. A matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes, comprising
a pulse applying means for superimposing a predetermined amplitude pulse on a signal to be applied to each of said signal electrodes in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period; and
a pulse control means for changing at least one of said pulse width and positions of said horizontal scanning period.
6. A driving method for a matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes, comprising:
superimposing a predetermined amplitude pulse on a signal to be applied to each of said signal electrodes in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period, wherein said pulse is continuously applied during the horizontal scanning periods in odd-numbered and even-numbered order.
7. A driving method for a matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes and having at least, a first pixel which modulates a first wavelength of light and a second pixel which modulates a second wavelength of light, said method comprising:
superimposing a predetermined amplitude pulse on a signal to be applied to each of said signal electrodes in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period, wherein a starting position of the horizontal scanning period of said pulse applied to said first pixel is different from a starting position of the horizontal scanning period of said pulse applied to said second pixel.
8. A driving method for a matrix type display unit having multiple scanning electrodes and multiple signal electrodes, comprising:
superimposing a predetermined amplitude pulse on a signal to be applied to said signal electrodes in synchronization with one horizontal scanning period, wherein by changing at least one of the pulse width and pulse amplitude, a display brightness of the display unit is varied.
9. An information display unit having the display unit according to claim 1 and an audio reception or transmission means.
10. A display unit comprising:
a scanning circuit selecting a scanning signal line;
a signal circuit having a RAM storing image data of one screen and applying a picture signal to a picture signal line; and
an image processing circuit for dither-processing or error-distribution processing of input image signals, wherein said image processing circuit transfers the resultant image data obtained by dither-processing or error-distribution processing to said RAM.
11. A display unit displaying images by simultaneously selecting multi-scanning electrodes and through pulse-width modulation, comprising:
a segment driving circuit applying a signal to a segment signal line of said display unit; and
an image processing circuit generating image data processed by error distribution processing.
12. A liquid crystal display unit comprising:
a segment driver for driving a segment signal line;
a common driver for driving a common signal line;
a controller having a built-in image memory sufficient for at least one screen display, wherein said controller performs a first operation of dither-processing or error distribution processing of input image data and a second operation of transferring the resultant image data obtained by the dither processing or the error distribution processing to said built-in memory; and
operating means for switching between execution and non-execution of the error distribution processing or the dither-processing.
13. An information display unit comprising: the display unit according to any one of claims 10, 11 and 12; a receiver, and a loudspeaker.
14. A driving method for a liquid crystal display unit achieving gradation display by frame rate control, wherein gradation data subject to the frame rate control comprise first gradation data and second gradation data;
the first gradation data being comprised of common divisors of 12;
the second gradation data being comprised of common divisors of 8;
conducting the gradation display for a still-picture, using said first gradation data and said second gradation data; and
conducting the gradation display for a moving picture, using said second gradation data.
15. The display unit according to claim 13, wherein the frame rate is varied respectively at the time of moving picture display and still-picture display.
16. A driving circuit for a display unit selecting simultaneously multiple common signal lines, comprising:
a gradation data shift circuit having multiple gradation registers and shifting said gradation registers; and
a gradation selection circuit formed in each segment signal line for selecting gradation data corresponding to image data based on the image data and the output data of said gradation data shift circuit;
wherein at least one of the gradation registers formed by data mirror-reversal in said gradation data shift circuit is omitted, and regarding the data of said omitted gradation registers, the data of the gradation data shift circuit is demodulated by reversing in said gradation selection circuit.
17. A driving method for a display unit selecting simultaneously multiple common signal lines, comprising:
shifting gradation data stored in registers by one frame or one field signal and one horizontal scanning signal; and
selecting gradation data corresponding to image data from said gradation data and image data through frame rate control using a processing circuit formed in each segment signal line;
wherein at least one gradation data generated by data mirror reversal in the gradation data of a gradation data shift circuit is omitted; and wherein said omitted gradation data is identified by a polarity of the most significant bit of said image data and is demodulated by reversing the gradation data.
18. A driving circuit for a display unit selecting simultaneously multiple common signal lines, comprising:
a gradation data shift circuit having multiple gradation registers and shifting said gradation registers; and
a gradation selection circuit formed in each segment signal line for selecting gradation data corresponding to image data based on the image data and the output data of said gradation data shift circuit;
wherein at least one of the gradation registers formed by data mirror-reversal in said gradation data shift circuit is omitted, and regarding the data of said omitted gradation registers, the data of the gradation data shift circuit is demodulated by reversing in said gradation selection circuit, and
wherein the bit number of the gradation data stored in said gradation register is 12 or 8, or a common divisor of 12 or 8.
19. A matrix type display unit performing multiple gradation display through frame rate control;
wherein said display unit displays 16 gradations from 0 to 15 levels, and
in the case where the gradation level 0 is assigned to a black display and the gradation level 15 is assigned to a white display,
the level 1 indicates that a register length is 12, and one of said 12 is ON;
the level 2 indicates that a register length is 8, and one of said 8 is ON;
the level 3 indicates that a register length is 6, and one of said 6 is ON;
the level 4 indicates that a register length is 4, and one of said 4 is ON;
the level 5 indicates that a register length is 3, and one of said 3 is ON;
the level 6 indicates that a register length is 8, and three of said 8 are ON;
the level 7 indicates that a: register length is 12, and five of said 12 are ON;
the level 8 indicates that a register length is 2, and one of said 2 is ON;
the level 9 indicates that a register length is 12, and seven of said 12 are ON;
the level 10 indicates that a register length is 3, and two of said 3 are ON;
the level 11 indicates that a register length is 4, and three of said 4 are ON;
the level 12 indicates that a register length is 6, and five of said 6 are ON;
the level 13 indicates that a register length is 8, and seven of said 8 are ON; and
the level 14 indicates that a register length is 12, and eleven of said 12 are ON.
20. A matrix type display unit performing multiple gradation display through frame rate control;
wherein said display unit displays 16 gradations from 0 to 15 levels, and
in the case where the gradation level 0 is assigned to a black display and the gradation level 15 is assigned to a white display,
the level 1 indicates that a register length is 12, and one of said 12 is ON;
the level 2 indicates that a register length is 8, and one of said 8 is ON;
the level 3 indicates that a register length is 6, and one of said 6 is ON;
the level 4 indicates that a register length is 4, and one of said 4 is ON;
the level 5 indicates that a register length is 3, and one of said 3 is ON;
the level 6 indicates that a register length is 8, and three of said 8 are ON;
the level 7 indicates that a register length is 12, and five of said 12 are ON;
the level 8 indicates that a register length is 2, and one of said 2 is ON;
the level 9 is a mirror construction of the level 7;
the level 10 is a mirror construction of the level 5;
the level 11 is a mirror construction of the level 4;
the level 12 is a mirror construction of the level 3;
the level 13 is a mirror construction of the level 2; and
the level 14 is a mirror construction of the level 1;
wherein said display unit comprising:
a gradation data shift circuit having multiple gradation registers which express at least one gradation of the gradation levels 1 to 8 and shifting said gradation registers; and
a gradation selection circuit formed in each segment signal line for selecting gradation data corresponding to image data based on the image data and the output data of said gradation data shift circuit;
wherein at least one of the gradation registers formed by data mirror-reversal in said gradation data shift circuit is omitted, and regarding the data of said omitted gradation registers, the data of the gradation data shift circuit is demodulated by reversing in said gradation selection circuit.
21. A display unit comprising:
a first oscillation means for generating a first frequency;
a second oscillation means for generating a second frequency;
a frequency selection means which is adapted to select the first and second frequencies generated by said first and second oscillation means, respectively;
a frequency division means for dividing the output frequencies of said frequency selection means; and
a display panel for displaying images using the output of said frequency division means are provided,
wherein when said first frequency is 100, said second frequency is in a range from 70 to 130.
22. A driving method for a display unit selecting simultaneously multiple common signal lines, said method comprising:
shifting gradation data retained in registers by one frame or one field signal and one horizontal scanning signal;
selecting gradation data corresponding to image data from said gradation data and said image data through frame rate control;
reversing a code of an orthogonal function by a selection signal which selects normally white or normally black and a polarity shifting signal for AC driving; and
selecting a voltage to be applied to segment electrodes based on said orthogonal function and said selected gradation data.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of identifying an agent affecting a binding between an LMP protein and a Smurf1 protein comprising:
providing a first composition comprising:
a first amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID NO. 1;
a second amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 and capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1; and
the agent; and
measuring an amount of a complex formed between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence in the first composition.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the amount of the complex in the first composition with an amount of a complex formed between a third amino acid sequence and a fourth amino acid sequence in a second composition, wherein
said second composition does not include the agent;
the third amino acid sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1; and
the fourth amino acid sequence comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 and capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein
the increased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent induces binding between the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 2; and
the decreased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent inhibits binding between the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein
the increased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent inhibits ubiquitination of a Smad protein by Smurf1; and
the decreased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent induces ubiquitination of a Smad protein by Smurf1.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the Smad protein is selected from the group consisting of a Smad1 protein, a Smad5 protein, and a Smad6 protein.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein
the increased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent induces an osteogenic effect of an LMP protein or a fragment thereof; and
the decreased amount of the complex in the first composition indicates that the agent inhibits an osteogenic effect of an LMP protein or a fragment thereof.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the LMP protein or the fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of LMP-1, corresponding to SEQ. ID. NO. 53, LMP-3 corresponding to SEQ. ID. NO. 54, and LMP-1s corresponding to SEQ. ID. NO. 55.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein
the first amino acid sequence is identical to the third amino acid sequence, or
the second amino acid sequence is identical to the fourth amino acid sequence, or
the first amino acid sequence is identical to the third amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence is identical to the fourth amino acid sequence.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 is identical to a SEQ. ID. NO. 5.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 identical to a SEQ. ID. NO. 6.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 is incorporated within SEQ. ID. NO. 4.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 and capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1 is 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 comprises:
leucine at a position corresponding to position 3 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
proline at a position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
tryptophan at a position corresponding to position 7 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
phenylalanine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
phenylalanine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 19 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
valine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 20 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
asparagine or aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 21 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
histidine at a position corresponding to position 22 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
asparagine, valine, proline or serine at a position corresponding to position 23 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
arginine or lysine at a position corresponding to position 25 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
serine or threonine at a position corresponding to position 27 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 31 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
proline at a position corresponding to position 32 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2; and
arginine at a position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 comprises:
arginine at a position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
tyrosine at a position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
arginine at a position corresponding to position 25 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
threonine at a position corresponding to position 27 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
glutamine at a position corresponding to position 28 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
15. The method of claim 2, wherein the first composition and the second composition are cell-free systems.
16. A method of identifying an agent affecting ubiquitination of a Smad protein by Smurf1 comprising:
providing a first composition comprising:
a first amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1;
a second amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 (WW domain of Smurf1), said second amino acid sequence capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and of ubiquitinating the Smad protein;
the Smad protein;
a source of ubiquitin;
a source of ATP;
the agent; and
measuring an amount of a ubiquitinated Smad protein in the first composition.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 is identical to a SEQ. ID. NO. 5.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 is identical to a SEQ. ID. NO. 6.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the SEQ. ID NO. 1 is incorporated within SEQ. ID. NO. 4.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 and capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1 is 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 comprises:
leucine at a position corresponding to position 3 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
proline at a position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
tryptophan at a position corresponding to position 7 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
phenylalanine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
phenylalanine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 19 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
valine or isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 20 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
asparagine or aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 21 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
histidine at a position corresponding to position 22 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
asparagine, valine, proline or serine at a position corresponding to position 23 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
arginine or lysine at a position corresponding to position 25 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
serine or threonine at a position corresponding to position 27 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 31 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
proline at a position corresponding to position 32 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2; and
arginine at a position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 comprises:
arginine at a position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
tyrosine at a position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
arginine at a position corresponding to position 25 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
threonine at a position corresponding to position 27 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2;
glutamine at a position corresponding to position 28 of SEQ. ID. NO. 2.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein the second amino acid sequence is identical to an amino acid sequence derived from a human Smurf1 protein, a rat Smurf1 protein, a mouse Smurf1 protein, or a chimpanzee Smurf1 protein.
24. The method of claim 16, wherein the Smad protein is selected from the group consisting of a Smad1 protein, a Smad5 protein, and a Smad6 protein.
25. The method of claim 16, further comprising comparing the amount of the complex in the first composition with an amount of a complex formed between a third amino acid sequence and a fourth amino acid sequence in a second composition, wherein
said second composition comprises a source of ubiquitin, a source of ATP, and the Smad protein or the fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the Smurf1 protein;
said second composition does not include the agent;
the third amino acid sequence comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID NO. 1; and
the fourth amino acid sequence comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2, said second amino acid sequence capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1 and of ubiquitinating the Smad protein.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein
the first amino acid sequence is identical to the third amino acid sequence, or
the second amino acid sequence is identical to the fourth amino acid sequence, or
the first amino acid sequence is identical to the third amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence is identical to the fourth amino acid sequence.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein
an increased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein in the first composition indicates that the agent induces ubiquitination of the Smad protein by Smurf1; and
a decreased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein in the first composition indicates that the agent inhibits ubiquitination of the Smad protein by Smurf1.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein
an increased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein in the first composition indicates that the agent inhibits an osteogenic effect of a BMP protein; and
an decreased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein in the first composition indicates that the agent induces an osteogenic effect of the BMP protein.
29. The method of claim 25, wherein the first composition and the second composition are cell-free compositions.
30. A method of identifying an agent affecting ubiquitination of a Smad protein by a Smurf1 protein comprising:
providing a first composition comprising:
the Smurf1 protein or a fragment thereof capable of ubiquitinating the Smad protein;
a source of ubiquitin;
a source of ATP;
the Smad protein or a fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the Smurf1 protein;
the agent; and
measuring an amount of ubiquitinated Smad protein or the fragment thereof in the first composition.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the Smad protein is selected from the group consisting of a Smad1 protein, a Smad5 protein, and a Smad6 protein.
32. The method of claim 30, wherein the Smurf1 protein is selected from the group consisting of a human Smurf1 protein, a rat Smurf1 protein, a mouse Smurf-1 protein, and a chimpanzee Smurf1 protein.
33. The method of claim 30, further comprising comparing the amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein or the fragment thereof in the first composition with an amount of amount of ubiquitinated Smad protein or a fragment thereof in a second composition, wherein
said second composition does not include the agent; and
said second composition comprises
the Smurf1 protein or a fragment thereof capable of ubiquitinating the Smad protein;
a source of ubiquitin;
a source of ATP;
the Smad protein or a fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the Smurf1 protein.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein:
(a) the fragment of the Smurf1 protein in the first composition is identical to the fragment of the Smurf1 protein in the second composition;
(b) the source of ubiquitin in the first composition is identical to the source of ubiquitin in the second composition;
(c) the fragment of the Smad protein in the first composition is identical to the fragment of the Smad protein in the second composition; or
(d) any combination of (a), (b), and (c).
35. The method of claim 33, wherein the first composition and the second composition are cell-free systems.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein
an increased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein indicates that the agent increases ubiquitination of the Smad protein by Smurf1; and
a decreased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein indicates that the agent decreases ubiquitination of the Smad protein by Smurf1.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein
an increased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein indicates that the agent inhibits an osteogenic effect of a BMP protein; and
a decreased amount of the ubiquitinated Smad protein indicates that the agent induces an osteogenic effect of the BMP protein.
38. A kit comprising:
a first amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1; and
a second amino acid sequence comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 2 (WW domain of SMURF1) and capable of binding the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 1.
39. The kit of claim 38 further comprising a detection means capable of detecting an amount of a complex between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence.
40. The kit of claim 38, wherein the second amino acid sequence is capable of ubiquitinating a Smad protein or a fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the second amino acid sequence.
41. The kit of claim 40, further comprising
the Smad protein or the fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the second amino acid sequence;
a source of ubiquitin; and
a source of ATP.
42. The kit of claim 40, wherein the Smad protein is selected from the group consisting of a Smad1 protein, a Smad5 protein, and a Smad6 protein.
43. The kit of claim 40, further comprising a detection means capable of detecting an amount of the Smad protein or the fragment thereof which is ubiquitinated.
44. The kit of claim 38 further comprising a set of instructions.
45. A kit comprising
a Smurf1 protein or a fragment thereof capable of ubiquitinating a Smad protein;
a source of ubiquitin;
a source of ATP;
the Smad protein or a fragment thereof capable of being ubiquitinated by the Smurf1 protein.
46. The kit of claim 45 further comprising a detection means.
47. The kit of claim 46, wherein the detection means is capable of detecting an amount of the Smad protein or the fragment thereof which is ubiquitinated.
48. The kit of claim 45, wherein the Smad protein is selected from the group consisting of a Smad1 protein, a Smad5 protein, and a Smad6 protein.
49. The kit of claim 45, further comprising a set of instructions.
50. A method of identifying an agent affecting a binding between an LMP protein and a Smurf1 protein comprising:
a) obtaining coordinates for a three-dimensional structure of a Smurf1 protein or a WW-2 motif containing fragment thereof;
b) selecting the agent by performing a rational drug design with the three-dimensional coordinates, wherein said selecting is performed in conjunction with computer modeling of a complex between an LMP protein or a fragment thereof and the Smurf1 protein or the fragment thereof.
51. The method of claim 50, further comprising testing said agent by methods described in at least one of the claims 1, 16, or 30.