What is claimed:
1. A method of synthesizing a compound of formula I,
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comprising:
(a) reacting a compound of formula II
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wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy(C1-C2)alkyl, or (C1-C2)alkyl with,
a compound of formula III
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wherein
R3, R4, and R5 are each independently of each other hydrogen, (C1-C3)alkyl, (C1-C3)alokxy, or halogen; and
X is a leaving group,
in a solvent having a dielectric constant at 20 C. of at least 30 but no more than 40; and
(b) obtaining the compound of formula I.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of solvent is selected to dissolve compounds II and III, but precipitate at least a portion of the compound of formula I during the reacting step.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the amount of solvent is selected to precipitate an amount of the compound I equal to at least 20% of the theoretical yield.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent is aprotic.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent is acetonitrile.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting step is conducted at elevated temperatures maintained for at least 24 hours.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting step is conducted at reflux.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(c) re-crystallizing the product;
(d) washing the re-crystallized product by suspending it in a mixture of a C1 to C3 alcohol and a C3 to C5 ether; and
(e) recovering the product,
wherein the alcoholether mixture, time of suspension, and an election to conduct a total of one to three iterations of steps (d) and (e) are selected to achieve at least 95% yield from the crystallized product of step (c) and a purity of at least 99.5% by isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC analysis monitored at 210 nm.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the re-crystallized product is suspended in a mixture of ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixture is a 2:8 to 4:6 (vv) mixture, respectively.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mixture is a 25:75 to 35:65 (vv) mixture
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(c) re-crystallizing the product;
(d1) washing the re-crystallized product by suspending it in a 2:8 to 4:6 (vv) mixture of a C1 to C3 alcohol and a C3 to C5 ether; and
(e) recovering the product.
13. The method of claim 1, comprising synthesizing a compound of formula I, wherein R1 and R2 are not both hydrogen.
14. A method of synthesizing a 4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium salt comprising:
(a) reacting 4,5-dimethylthiazole with (IV), wherein X is a leaving group,
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in a solvent having a dielectric constant at 20 C. of at least 30 but no more than 40; and
(b) obtaining the 4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium product.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the amount of solvent is selected to dissolve compounds (a) and (b), but precipitate at least a portion of the 4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium salt during the reacting step.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the amount of solvent is selected to precipitate an amount of the 4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium salt equal to at least 20% of the theoretical yield.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the solvent is aprotic.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the solvent is acetonitrile.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the reacting step is conducted at elevated temperature maintained for at least 24 hours.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the reacting step is conducted at reflux
21. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
(c) re-crystallizing the product;
(d) washing the re-crystallized product by suspending it in a mixture of a C1 to C3 alcohol and a C3 to C5 ether; and
(e) recovering the product,
wherein the alcoholether mixture, time of suspension, and an election to conduct a total of one to three iterations of steps (d) and (e) are selected to achieve at least 95% yield from the crystallized product of step (c) and a purity of at least 99.5% by isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC analysis monitored at 210 nm.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the re-crystallized product is suspended in a mixture of ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the mixture is a 2:8 to 4:6 (vv) mixture, respectively.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the mixture is a 25:75 to 35:65 (vv) mixture
25. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
(c) re-crystallizing the product;
(d) washing the re-crystallized product by suspending it in a 2:8 to 4:6 (vv) mixture of a C1 to C3 alcohol and a C3 to C5 ether; and
(e) recovering the product.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An image pickup element comprising:
a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel that share one microlens;
a first boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the second pixel; and
a second boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the third pixel,
wherein when a charge amount of the first pixel is saturated, a first charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the second pixel via the first boundary is larger than a second charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the third pixel via the second boundary.
2. The image pickup element according to claim 1,
wherein when the charge amount of the first pixel is saturated, the first boundary is configured to allow a movement of a charge from the first pixel to the second pixel and the second boundary is configured to prevent the movement of the charge from the first pixel to the third pixel.
3. The image pickup element according to claim 1,
wherein the first boundary and the second boundary are configured by a P-type semiconductor, and
wherein a P-type impurity concentration of the first boundary is lower than a P-type impurity concentration of the second boundary.
4. The image pickup element according to claim 1, further comprising:
a fourth pixel, a fifth pixel, and a sixth pixel that share a microlens adjacent to the one microlens;
a third boundary that is provided between the fourth pixel and the fifth pixel; and
a fourth boundary that is provided between the fourth pixel and the sixth pixel,
wherein when a charge amount of the fourth pixel is saturated, a third charge amount in which the charge moves from the fourth pixel to the fifth pixel via the third boundary is larger than a fourth charge amount in which the charge moves from the fourth pixel to the sixth pixel via the fourth boundary, and
wherein the first boundary and the third boundary are provided in directions different from each other.
5. The image pickup element according to claim 4,
wherein when the charge amount of the fourth pixel is saturated, the third boundary is configured to allow a movement of a charge from the fourth pixel to the fifth pixel and the fourth boundary is configured to prevent the movement of the charge from the fourth pixel to the sixth pixel.
6. The image pickup element according to claim 4, further comprising:
color filters that have a plurality of colors;
a first microlens that corresponds to the color filter having one color among the color filters having the plurality of colors; and
a second microlens that corresponds to the color filter having one color and that is adjacent to the first microlens with respect to the color filter having the one color,
wherein the first microlens is shared by the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third pixel, and
wherein the second microlens is shared by the fourth pixel, the fifth pixel, and the sixth pixel.
7. An image pickup apparatus comprising:
an image pickup element; and
a processor configured to perform a correlation calculation based on a signal obtained from at least a part of a plurality of pixels of the image pickup element,
wherein the image pickup element comprises:
a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel that share one microlens;
a first boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the second pixel; and
a second boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the third pixel, and
wherein when a charge amount of the first pixel is saturated, a first charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the second pixel via the first boundary is larger than a second charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the third pixel via the second boundary.
8. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7,
wherein the image pickup element further comprises:
a fourth pixel, a fifth pixel, and a sixth pixel that share a microlens adjacent to the one microlens;
a third boundary that is provided between the fourth pixel and the fifth pixel; and
a fourth boundary that is provided between the fourth pixel and the sixth pixel,
wherein when a charge amount of the fourth pixel is saturated, a third charge amount in which the charge moves from the fourth pixel to the fifth pixel via the third boundary is larger than a fourth charge amount in which the charge moves from the fourth pixel to the sixth pixel via the fourth boundary, and
wherein the first boundary and the third boundary are provided in directions different from each other.
9. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 7,
wherein the processor performs a correlation calculation in a first direction by using added charges of the first pixel and the second pixel.
10. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 8,
wherein the processor performs a correlation calculation in a first direction by using the added charge of the first pixel and the second pixel.
11. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 8,
wherein the processor performs a correlation calculation in a first direction by using added charges of the first pixel and the second pixel and performs a correlation calculation in a second direction different from the first direction by using added charges of the fourth pixel and the fifth pixel.
12. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 8,
wherein when charge amounts of both the first pixel and the second pixel are saturated, a correlation calculation in a second direction is performed by using added charges of the fourth pixel and the fifth pixel.
13. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a pixel selecting portion configured to select a pixel that is to be used for the correlation calculation from the plurality of pixels sharing the one microlens,
wherein the processor performs the correlation calculation based on the signal obtained from the pixel selected by the pixel selecting portion.
14. An image pickup system comprising:
an image pickup optical system; and
an image pickup apparatus,
wherein the image pickup apparatus comprises:
an image pickup element; and
a processor configured to perform a correlation calculation based on a signal obtained from at least a part of a plurality of pixels of the image pickup element,
wherein the image pickup element comprises:
a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel that share one microlens;
a first boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the second pixel; and
a second boundary that is provided between the first pixel and the third pixel, and
wherein when a charge amount of the first pixel is saturated, a first charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the second pixel via the first boundary is larger than a second charge amount in which the charge moves from the first pixel to the third pixel via the second boundary.