1. A lithium transition metal phosphate powder having a specific surface area of at least 15 m2g and having a lithium content at room temperature (23\xb0 C.) that is least 2 mole % less than the lithium content of a lithium transition metal phosphate of the same composition prepared in a bulk form or as a powder of specific surface area less than about 10 m2g.
2. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 1, wherein the powder has a specific surface area of at least 20 m2g.
3. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 1, wherein the powder has a specific surface area of at least 25 m2g.
4. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 1, wherein the powder has a specific surface area of at least 30 m2g.
5. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 1, wherein the lithium transition metal phosphate has an olivine structure.
6. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 5, wherein the lithium transition metal phosphate has a composition Li1-xMPO4, where M is one or more of first-row transition metals.
7. The lithium transition metal phosphate powder of claim 6, wherein M is at least iron.
8. A lithium iron phosphate composition forming a single crystalline phase of the olivine structure at room temperature and having a solid solution composition Li1-xFePO4, wherein x is greater than 0.01.
9. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.02.
10. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.03.
11. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.04.
12. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.05.
13. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.06.
14. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.07.
15. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.08.
16. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.09.
17. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein x is greater than 0.10.
18. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 15 m2g.
19. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2g.
20. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 25 m2g.
21. The lithium iron phosphate composition of claim 8, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 30 m2g.
22. A partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of the olivine structure having at room temperature a single crystalline phase of the olivine structure and a solid solution composition LiyFePO4 wherein y is greater than 0.01.
23. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.02.
24. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.03.
25. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.04.
26. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.05.
27. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.06.
28. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.07.
29. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.08.
30. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.09.
31. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein y is greater than 0.10.
32. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 15 m2g.
33. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2g.
34. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 25 m2g.
35. The partially lithiated iron phosphate composition of claim 22, wherein the lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area greater than 30 m2g.
36. A lithium transition metal phosphate compound characterized in that, when used as a lithium storage electrode in a standard electrochemical cell wherein the counterelectrode is lithium metal, the compound exhibits a continuously decreasing charging current upon charging in a potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) procedure at a constant overpotential of 50 mV above the open-circuit voltage of the cell, said open-circuit voltage being measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours.
37. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 36, wherein said open-circuit voltage is measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours at 25\xb0 C.
38. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 36, wherein said open-circuit voltage is measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours over a temperature range of about \u221220\xb0 C. to about 55\xb0 C.
39. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 36, wherein the compound is lithium transition metal phosphate Li1-xMPO4, wherein M is one or more first-row transition metals and x has a value between zero and 1.
40. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 36, wherein the lithium transition metal phosphate has an olivine structure.
41. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 40, the compound is Li1-xFePO4, wherein M is one or more first-row transition metals and x has a value between zero and 1.
42. A lithium transition metal phosphate compound characterized in that, when used as a lithium storage electrode in a standard electrochemical cell wherein the counterelectrode is lithium metal, the compound exhibits a continuously decreasing charging current upon discharging in a potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) procedure at a constant overpotential of 50 mV above the open-circuit voltage of the cell, said open-circuit voltage being measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours.
43. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 42, wherein said open-circuit voltage is measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours at 25\xb0 C.
44. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 42, wherein said open-circuit voltage is measured after charging to a 50% state of charge and holding for at least 12 hours over a temperature range of about \u221220\xb0 C. to about 55\xb0 C.
45. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 42, wherein the compound is lithium transition metal phosphate Li1-xMPO4, wherein M is one or more first-row transition metals and x has a value between zero and 1.
46. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 42, wherein the lithium transition metal phosphate has an olivine structure.
47. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claim 46, the compound is Li1-xFePO4, wherein M is one or more first-row transition metals and x has a value between zero and 1.
48. A lithium storage battery comprising the lithium transition metal phosphate compound of claims 1, 8, 22, 36, or 42.
49. A method of storing electrical energy comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 2C, said C-rate being the average C-rate for a current being applied over a period of at least 5 sec.
50. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 5C.
51. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 10C.
52. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 15C.
53. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 20C.
54. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 30C.
55. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 40C.
56. The method of claim 49, comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 50C.
57. The method of claim 49, wherein said C-rate is the average C-rate for a current being applied over a period of at least 10 sec.
58. The method of claim 49, wherein said C-rate is the average C-rate for a current being applied over a period of at least 20 sec.
59. The method of claim 49, wherein said C-rate is the average C-rate for a current being applied over a period of at least 30 sec.
60. A method of storing and delivering electrical energy comprising charging of the lithium storage battery of claim 36 at a C-rate of at least 2C, and discharging at a rate of at least 2C.
61. The method of claim 60, comprising charging at a C-rate ranging from at least 5C up to at least 50C.
62. The method of claim 60, comprising discharging at a rate ranging from at least 5C up to at least 50C.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A sensor, comprising:
an interferometric modulator, the modulator configured to permanently actuate in response to a presence of at least one selected chemical, wherein the actuation of the interferometric modulator is visually detectable.
2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said actuation occurs without requiring application of a voltage across the interferometric modulator.
3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the interferometric modulator comprises a chemically active layer configured to cause said actuation in response to the presence of said chemical.
4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein the interferometric modulator comprises an optical stack and a movable layer, said chemically active layer being disposed on the movable layer.
5. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a package configured to seal an internal environment of the interferometric modulator from an external environment, the internal environment being configured to prevent permanent actuation of the modulator, the package comprising at least one removable portion configured to expose the internal environment to the external environment upon removal to activate said sensor.
6. A sensor comprising:
means for interferometrically modulating light; and
means for inducing permanent actuation of the light modulating means in response to a presence of at least one selected chemical, wherein said actuation is visually detectable.
7. The sensor of claim 6, wherein said actuation occurs without requiring application of a voltage across the light modulating means.
8. The sensor of claim 6, wherein the inducing means comprises a chemically active layer disposed on a movable member of the light modulating means.
9. The sensor of claim 6, further comprising means for activating the inducing means.
10. The sensor of claim 9, wherein the activating means comprises a removable sealing layer disposed on the light modulating means.
11. A display comprising an array of sensors according to claim 1.
12. A method of manufacturing an interferometric modulator, the method comprising:
providing a reactive layer on a movable member of the interferometric modulator, the reactive layer being configured to deform sufficiently to cause the interferometric modulator to collapse when exposed to a predetermined chemical; and
treating the movable member or an optical stack of the interferometric modulator so as to ensure that adhesion will be permanent upon collapse.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said reactive layer comprises an expansion layer disposed on a side of the movable member facing the optical stack.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein said reactive layer comprises a contraction layer disposed on a side of the movable member facing away from the optical stack.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein said treating comprises driving charge into a surface dielectric film of the optical stack.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein said treating comprises roughening a contact surface of at least one of the movable member or the optical stack.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein said treating comprises coating a contact surface of at least one of the movable member or the optical stack with an adhesive.
18. A method of indicating exposure to an environmental stimulus, the method comprising:
providing an interferometric modulator having a reactive layer disposed on a movable member of the interferometric modulator, the reactive layer being configured to deform in response to being exposed to a predetermined chemical by an amount sufficient to cause the interferometric modulator to collapse, the interferometric modulator being configured to ensure that said collapse is permanent.