What is claimed is:
1. A composition of Monascus extract with at least one component with three characteristic ultraviolet absorption peaks at 230, 237 and 246 nm.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Monascus extract comprises a component having an identifying characteristic of a retention time of 7.7 min. on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the Monascus extract comprises two components having identifying characteristics of retention time of 6.6 and 8.7 min. respectively on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L: 0.8 L: 1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Monascus extract comprises two components having identifying characteristics of retention time of 7.7 and 8.7 min. respectively on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L: 0.8 L: 1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the Monascus extract comprises two components having identifying characteristics of retention time of 9.9 and 12 min. respectively on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250 mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Monascus extract comprises lovastatin.
7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Monascus extract is a fermentation product of Monascus purpureus Went, Monascus ruber van Tieghem, Monascus pilosus Sato, Monascus albidus Sato Monascus pubigerus Sato, Monascus floridanus, Monascus sanguineus, Monascus kaoliang or Monascus albus.
8. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Monascus extract is a fermentation product of strain ATCC No. 16360, ATCC No. 16363, ATCC No. 16364, ATCC No. 16368, ATCC No. IFO4520, ATCC No. 22080, ATCC No. 16385, ATCC No. 16427, ATCC No. 15670, ATCC No. 16246, ATCC No.18199, ATCC No. 36928, ATCC No. 16365, CCRC No. 31499, CCRC No. 31502, CCRC No. 31503, CCRC No. 31505, CCRC No. 31526, CCRC No. 31527, CCRC No. 31529, CCRC No. 31530, CCRC No. 31532, CCRC No. 31533, CCRC No. 31535, CCRC No. 31540, or CCRC No. 31542.
9. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment and prevention of cancer, comprising:
a Monascus composition, comprising at least one component with three characteristic ultraviolet absorption peaks at 230, 237 and 246 nm; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
10. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition comprises a component having an identifying characteristic of a retention time of 7.7 min. on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250 mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
11. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the Monascus composition comprises two components having identifying characteristics of retention time of 6.6 and 8.7 min. respectively on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
12. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 11, wherein the Monascus composition comprises two components having identifying characteristics of retention time of 9.9 and 12 min. respectively on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250 mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
13. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition comprises lovastatin.
14. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition is an fermentation product of Monascus purpureus Went, Monascus ruber van Tieghem, Monascus pilosus Sato, Monascus albidus Sato Monascus pubigerus Sato, Monascus floridanus, Monascus sanguineus, Monascus kaoliang or Monascus albus.
15. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition is an fermentation product of strain ATCC No. 16360, ATCC No. 16363, ATCC No. 16364, ATCC No. 16368, ATCC No. IF04520, ATCC No. 22080, ATCC No. 16385, ATCC No. 16427, ATCC No. 15670, ATCC No. 16246, ATCC No.18199, ATCC No. 36928, ATCC No. 16365, CCRC No. 31499, CCRC No. 31502, CCRC No. 31503, CCRC No. 31505, CCRC No. 31526, CCRC No. 31527, CCRC No. 31529, CCRC No. 31530, CCRC No. 31532, CCRC No. 31533, CCRC No. 31535, CCRC No. 31540, or CCRC No. 31542.
16. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition is effective for treating lung cancer or breast cancer.
17. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition is a solid fermentation product of rice fermented with a Monascus strain.
18. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition is a liquid fermentation product of a Monascus strain.
19. A method for producing a Monascus composition as claimed in claim 9, the method comprising:
providing a liquid culture medium of grainstarch:peptone:MgSO4.7H2O:water1-7 g: 0.5-3 g: 0.1-1 g: 100 g;
culturing a Monascus strain in the liquid culture medium at a temperature of about 20 to 35 C., an agitation rate of 100 to 400 rpm, and an aeration rate of 0.1 to 1 vvm for 4 to about 12 days; and
filtering the liquid culture medium to obtain a Monascus extract.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the liquid culture medium further comprises glycerin in a concentration of 10 ml or below.
21. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the liquid culture medium further comprises glucose in a concentration of 6 g or below.
22. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the liquid culture medium further comprises a malt extract in a concentration of 3 g or below.
23. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the liquid culture medium further comprises casein in a concentration of 5 g or below.
24. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the Monascus strain is cultured at about 25 C.
25. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the Monascus strain is cultured at 0.5 vvm aeration rate.
26. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the Monascus strain is cultured for about 14 days.
27. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the Monascus strain is Monascus purpureus Went Monascus ruber van Tieghem Monascus pilosus Sato Monascus albidus Sato Monascus pubigerus Sato Monascus floridanus Monascus sanguineus Monascus kaoliang or Monascus albus.
28. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the Monascus strain is strain ATCC No. 16360, ATCC No. 16363, ATCC No. 16364, ATCC No. 16368, ATCC No. IF04520, ATCC No. 22080, ATCC No. 16385, ATCC No. 16427, ATCC No. 15670, ATCC No. 16246, ATCC No.18199, ATCC No. 36928, ATCC No. 16365, CCRC No. 31499, CCRC No. 31502, CCRC No. 31503, CCRC No. 31505, CCRC No. 31526, CCRC No. 31527, CCRC No. 31529, CCRC No. 31530, CCRC No. 31532, CCRC No. 31533, CCRC No. 31535, CCRC No. 31540, or CCRC No. 31542.
29. A method for preventing or treating cancer in a mammal which comprises administrating to the mammal a sufficient amount of a Monascus composition.
30. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the cancer is lung cancer or breast cancer.
31. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the Monascus composition comprises at least one component with three characteristic ultraviolet absorption peaks at 230, 237 and 246 nm.
32. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the Monascus composition comprises a component having an identifying characteristic of a retention time of 7.7 min. on HPLC using a Cosmosil 5C18-ARII column (4.6.times.250mm) and elution with methanol-water-H3PO4 (3.2 L:0.8 L:1.6 ml) at a flow rate of 1 mlmin and detected with 237 nm.
33. The method as claimed in claim 32, wherein the Monascus composition is an fermentation product of Monascus purpureus Went, Monascus ruber van Tieghem, Monascus pilosus Sato, Monascus albidus Sato Monascus pubigerus Sato, Monascus floridanus, Monascus sanguineus, Monascus kaoliang or Monascus albus.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An internal mechanical automatic transmission assembly for discrete shifting of transmission ratios for forward travel, comprising a plurality of interconnectable transmission ratio producing units constituted by PTCs arranged side by side and being concatenatingly engageable and disengageable one to the adjacent in relation to a rotational speed resulting from a torque input to said transmission assembly, each of said PTCs being designed to affect a transmission ratio to thereby produce an overall transmission ratio over said transmission assembly; the transmission further comprises a wheel hub that houses the PTCs which are reversibly lockable to said hub.
2. The transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein said assembly is designed such that the cadence of the rotational input to the transmission remains within a relatively narrow range when said transmission upshifts to a higher transmission ratio.
3. The transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein the PTCs are reversibly connectable one with a previous andor subsequent PTC via a ratchet mechanism.
4. The transmission assembly according to claim 3, wherein the PTC’s ratchet mechanism comprises at least one pawl of a previous PTC engageable with a ratchet wheel of a subsequent PTC.
5. The transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein the PTCs comprise a planetary gear sub-system and a ratchet mechanism, the planetary gear sub-system comprising a central sun cog, at least two pinion gears arranged around the sun cog and whose teeth mesh with those of the sun cog, and a crown gear surrounding the pinion gears and whose teeth mesh with those of the pinion gears, the sun cog orthogonally passing through the rotational axis of a planetary gear carrier to which the pinions are pivotably held; the ratchet mechanism comprising at least one pawl engageable with a groove on the planetary gear carrier.
6. The transmission assembly according to claim 5, wherein the crown gear comprises at least one unidirectional clutch mechanism allowing for locking of the crown gear of the current PTC to a wheel hub, to transmit rotation thereto, and allow unlocking thereof to allow said hub to rotate relative to said crown gear.
7. The transmission assembly according to claim 6, wherein the at least one unidirectional clutch mechanism includes an arrangement for providing a small frictional force contact between said clutch and the wheel hub whereby the crown gear of unengaged PTCs will rotate in the direction of the hub but said hub can rotate faster than said crown gears of unengaged PTCs.
8. The transmission assembly according to claim 5, wherein the pawl is pivotably connected to the crown gear and adapted such that above a rotational speed of the crown gear a threshold centrifugal force is achieved causing the pawl to swing away from the crown gear and engage with said groove.
9. The transmission assembly according to claim 8, further comprising a spring associated with each pawl of each PTC adapted to bias the pawl in a direction counter to any centrifugal force imparted to each pawl.
10. The transmission assembly according to claim 9, wherein the spring associated with each pawl of each subsequent PTC is adapted to produce an incrementally greater counteracting force with each successive PTC.
11. The transmission assembly according to claim 10, wherein the spring is adapted such that its incrementally greater counter acting force corresponds to the increase in the overall transmission ratio caused by the concatenation of the PTCs.
12. The transmission assembly according to claim 10, wherein the incrementally greater counteracting force produced by the springs is a result of correspondingly incremental differences in their spring coefficients.
13. The transmission assembly according to claim 6, wherein upon a reduction in rotational speed of the hub above a threshold value, the unidirectional clutch of the current PTC locked with the hub, disengages therefrom as a result of the at least one pawl of at least the previous PTC disengaging from the pinion carrier of said current PTC.
14. The transmission assembly according to claim 6, wherein upon a relatively sudden reduction in rotational speed of the hub of a magnitude to effect a downshifting wherein the current PTC disengages from more than one previous PTC in a series, the overall transmission ratio is directly downshifted a lower non-adjacent overall transmission ratio.
15. The transmission assembly according to claim 6, wherein upon a reduction in the centrifugal force on the one or more pawls of the current PTC, above a threshold value, the one or more pawls of at least the previous PTC disengages from the pinion carrier of said current PTC.
16. The transmission assembly according to claim 6, wherein upon a reduction in the centrifugal force on the one or more pawls of the current PTC and at least two of the previous PTCs is of a magnitude to cause at least those pawls to disengage from their corresponding planetary gear carriers, the overall transmission ratio is directly downshifted to a lower non-adjacent transmission ratio.
17. The transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein the geometry and configuration of each PTC repeat unit is identical whereby each said PTC repeat unit is adapted to affect the same transmission ratio.
18. The transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein the transmission ratio of each PTC is between 1.08 and 3.0.
19. The transmission assembly according to claim 5, wherein there are at least two pawls in each PTC and each PTC further comprises a coupling member for coupling its at least two pawls such that the effect of a non-symmetrical force on said at least two pawls of each PTC is cancelled.
20. The transmission assembly according to claim 5, further comprising a mechanism to produce a shifting hysteresis between up-shifting and downshifting between transmission ratios.
21. The transmission assembly according to claim 18, wherein the mechanism to produce a shifting hysteresis is a spring biased mechanism producing a friction force on at least one pawl of each PTC.
22. A planetary transmission cassette comprising a planetary gear sub-system and a ratchet mechanism, the planetary gear sub-system comprising a central sun cog, at least two pinion gears arranged around the sun cog and whose teeth mesh with those of the sun cog, and a crown gear surrounding the pinion gears and whose teeth mesh with those of the pinion gears, the sun cog orthogonally passing through the rotational axis of a planetary gear carrier to which the pinions are pivotably held; the ratchet mechanism comprising at least one pawl engageable with a groove on the planetary gear carrier.
23. A wheel comprising a wheel hub fitted with an internal mechanical automatic transmission assembly according to claim 1.
24. A mechanical apparatus comprising a power source geared to a rotational mechanical output according to claim 1.
25. A transmission assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a multiplication assembly which comprises a moment pickup member designed for rotationally engaging with a current PTC and transferring rotary motion to the hub; a multiplier engaging member is rotatably fixed to the hub and is formed with one or more radial engagement members for engaging with a multiplication planetary gear assembly, which in turn is engaged with a crown gear of said moment pickup member; whereby rotation of the moment sleeve at a speed exceeding engagement speed of the engagement members entails engagement of the multiplication planetary gear assembly to thereby reduce speed of the moment sleeve and correspondingly of the PTCs.
26. A transmission assembly according to claim 25, wherein the multiplication planetary gear assembly comprises a plurality of pinion gears each being engaged in turn with a corresponding inverting gear which in turn are each engaged with a central sun cog of a cog plate rotatably fixable with the multiplier engaging member.
27. A transmission assembly according to claim 25, wherein the moment pickup member is a sleeve rotatably fixed to the hub by a unidirectional roller bearing or ratchet mechanism formed on a periphery of the moment sleeve.
28. An inverted gear assembly comprising a transmission assembly according to claim 1, wherein an increasing input yields a decreasing output.