1. An optically sensitive device comprising:
a first contact and a second contact, each having a work function;
an optically sensitive material between the first contact and the second contact, the optically sensitive material comprising a N-type semiconductor, and the optically sensitive material having a work function;
circuitry configured to apply a bias voltage between the first contact and the second contact;
the magnitude of the work function of the optically sensitive material being at least 0.4 eV less than the magnitude of the work function of the first contact, and also at least 0.4 eV less than the magnitude of the work function of the second contact;
the optically sensitive material having a hole lifetime that is greater than the hole transit time from the first contact to the second contact when the bias is applied between the first contact and the second contact;
the first contact providing injection of holes and blocking the extraction of electrons; and
the interface between the first contact and the optically sensitive material providing a surface recombination velocity less than 1 cms.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the work function of the first contact and the second contact are each deeper than 4.5 ev.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the bias is in the range of about 0.1 Volts to 2.8 Volts.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the optically sensitive material comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each of the nanoparticles has an oxide on a surface of the respective nanoparticle.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the optically sensitive material comprises nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, Si, Ge, or C.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the optically sensitive layer further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of PbSO4, PbO, PbSeO4, PbTeO4, SiOxNy, In2O3, sulfur, sulfates, sulfoxides, carbon and carbonates.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the optically sensitive material comprises a plurality of interconnected nanoparticles.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the first contact and the second contact each comprise a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, In, Cu, Ni, NiS, NiSi, PtSi, TiN, or TaN.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first contact and the second contact are separated by a distance in the range of 200 nm to 2 um and the hole mobility in the optically sensitive material is at least 1E-5 cm2Vs.
10. The device of claim 1, wherein the optically sensitive material is configured to provide a responsivity of at least 0.8 AW when the bias is applied between the first contact and the second contact.
11. A photodetector comprising:
a first contact and a second contact, each having a work function;
an optically sensitive material between the first contact and the second contact, the optically sensitive material comprising an n-type semiconductor, and the optically sensitive material having a work function;
circuitry configured to apply a bias voltage between the first contact and the second contact;
the magnitude of the work function of the optically sensitive material being at least 0.4 eV less than the magnitude of the work function of the first contact, and also at least 0.4 eV less than the magnitude of the work function of the second contact;
circuitry configured to apply a bias voltage between the first contact and the second contact; and
the optically sensitive material configured to provide a responsivity of at least 0.8 AW when the bias is applied between the first contact and the second contact.
12. The device of claim 11, wherein the work function of the first contact and the second contact are each deeper than 4.5 eV.
13. The device of claim 11, wherein the bias is in the range of about 0.1 Volts to 2.8 Volts.
14. The device of claim 11, wherein the optically sensitive material comprises nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, Si, Ge, or C.
15. The device of claim 14, wherein the optically sensitive layer further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of PbSO4, PbO, PbSeO4, PbTeO4, SiOxNy, In2O3, sulfur, sulfates, sulfoxides, carbon and carbonates.
16. The device of claim 11, wherein the first contact and the second contact each comprise a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, In, Cu, Ni, NiS, NiSi, PtSi, TiN, or TaN.
17. The device of claim 11, wherein the first contact and the second contact are separated by a distance in the range of 200 nm to 2 um and the hole mobility in the optically sensitive material is at least 1E-5 cm2Vs.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for controlling play of a progressively operated lottery type card based game, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of playing cards which can be purchased by game players each of which having one or more game symbols displayed thereon;
a master game card for use in conjunction with the plurality of playing cards;
at least one of the master game card and the plurality of playing cards having displayed thereon means for establishing the eligibility of one or more selected game players having playing cards displaying predetermined selected ones of the game symbols,
at least one of the master game card and the plurality of playing cards including means for identifying at least one of the selected game players, and selectively removable elements for concealing the identifying means prior to establishing the selected game players;
the master game card further including first award identifying means comprising a plurality of award values displayed on the master game card, and selectively removable elements for concealing the award values, so that the at least one of the selected game players identified by the first award identifying means can determine the award to be received by removing the concealing elements associated with the award values;
an accumulated jackpot established from jackpot contributions from one or more games prior to the play of the master game card;
indicia on the master game card for identifying a maximum allowed jackpot value;
the master game card further including a second award identifying means for establishing the identity of at least one game player, and selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means which concealing element is removed to reveal the identity of the at least one game player who is awarded an award from the accumulated jackpot when the accumulated jackpot amount equals or exceeds the maximum allowed jackpot value and has not been awarded to at least one of the selected game players identified by the first award identifying means.
2. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the second award identifying means identifies one selected game player.
3. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the second award identifying means identifies one player among all players who purchased a game card.
4. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means comprises a die-cut flap which obscures the identity of a game player until revealed.
5. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means comprises a scratch-off coating which obscures the identity of a game player until revealed.
6. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the master game card has displayed thereon indicia which informs both the game operator and game players that the selectively removable means is to be removed only when the accumulated jackpot award amount reaches or exceeds the maximum allowed jackpot value and is not awarded to a game player.
7. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means includes indicia comprising a stop sign symbol toward reminding the game operator and game players that the accumulated jackpot bonus award is to be awarded when the amount reaches or exceeds the maximum allowed jackpot value and is not awarded to a game player.
8. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means includes indicia which expressly indicates the maximum dollar amount of the accumulated jackpot award which triggers removal of the concealing element of the second award identifying means.
9. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the selectively removable element for concealing the second award identifying means includes indicia which informs both the game operator and game players that the element is to be removed only when the accumulated jackpot amount reaches or exceeds the maximum allowed jackpot value and is not awarded to a game player.
10. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the jackpot comprises a dollar value.
11. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the master game card has displayed thereon means for listing the identity of eligible game players.
12. The invention according to claim 1 wherein the identity of eligible game players is represented by game symbols.
13. The invention according to claim 1 wherein at least one game player is awarded the entire accumulated jackpot value when the accumulated jackpot amount equals or exceeds maximum allowed jackpot value and is not awarded to at least one of the selected game players identified by the identifying means.
14. The invention according to claim 1 wherein at least one game player is awarded the amount from the accumulated jackpot which exceeds the maximum allowed jackpot value when the jackpot is not awarded to at least one of the selected game players identified by the identifying means.
15. A method of playing a lottery-type game having a progressive jackpot, comprising:
a) providing a plurality of playing cards to game players, each of the playing cards having at least one game symbol displayed thereon, and a master game card for use in association with the playing cards, the master game card having at least one first game symbol displayed thereon; at least one first concealment element initially concealing the at least one first game symbol of the master game card; a plurality of award identifying symbols, each award identifying symbol having an associated award concealing element initially concealing the award identifying symbol; at least one second game symbol displayed thereon; and at least one second concealment element initially concealing the identity of at least one game player;
b) setting a maximum jackpot value to be awarded to a winning game player;
c) distributing the playing cards to a plurality of game players;
d) operating the at least one first concealment element to reveal at least one first game symbol of the master game card;
e) permitting each game player holding a playing card having a game symbol matching at least one of the at least one first game symbols to select at least one of the at least one award concealment elements to be opened to reveal the award identifying symbol associated therewith, and awarding each said game player any prize identified by the associated award identifying symbol;
f) accumulating additional value into a jackpot when the entire jackpot is not awarded as a prize in step e);
g) repeating steps a), b), c), d), e) and f) until the entire jackpot is awarded as a prize in step e) or the accumulated jackpot reaches the maximum allowed jackpot value;
h) operating the at least one second concealment element to reveal the identity of at least one game player when the accumulated jackpot reaches at least the maximum allowed jackpot value and
i) awarding the entire accumulated jackpot value to the at least one player whose identity is revealed upon operating the at least one second concealment element.
16. The invention according to claim 15, wherein the master game card further includes a plurality of eligibility game symbols displayed thereon, at least one of the eligibility game symbols matching at least one of the first game symbols of the master game card.
17. The invention according to claim 15, wherein at least one of the at least one first concealment element, the award concealment elements, and the at least one second concealment element comprises a die-cut flap.
18. The invention according to claim 15, further comprising the step of displaying the accumulated jackpot value on the master game card.
19. The invention according to claim 15, wherein the master game card has the maximum jackpot value displayed thereon.