1. A production process for a catalyst for synthesis of an unsaturated aldehyde andor an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which comprises the steps of: carrying out heat treatment of an aqueous solution or slurry of a starting material to thus prepare a catalyst precursor P1, wherein the starting material includes molybdenum, bismuth, and iron as essential components; thereafter adding and mixing a binder into the P1 to thus prepare a catalyst precursor P2; and molding and then calcining the P2, thereby producing the catalyst for synthesis of the unsaturated aldehyde andor the unsaturated carboxylic acid;
with the production process involving an ignition loss ratio of the catalyst precursor P1 in the range of 10 to 40 mass % (excluding 40 mass %), wherein, when the catalyst precursor is heated under air atmosphere at 300\xb0 C. for 1 hour, the ignition loss ratio of the catalyst precursor is calculated from the following equation:
ignition loss ratio (mass %)=(mass of catalyst precursor\u2212mass of catalyst precursor after heating)mass of catalyst precursor\xd7100.
2. A production process according to claim 1, wherein water is added and mixed as the binder in an amount of 5 to 30 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1.
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. (canceled)
6. (canceled)
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for generating scenarios of hydrocarbon reservoirs based on limited amount of information on a target hydrocarbon reservoir, said method comprising:
compile information on the target hydrocarbon reservoir,
providing a number n of facies, wherein n comprises an integer between 1 and 8, in the domain of the scenario modeling the target hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, is modeled by its partial rate fi, and a normal distribution of the porosity having a mean value \u03c6i and the cutoff values \u03c6imin and \u03c6imax for a predetermined threshold such that the area of the tail of the normal distribution is deemed to be neglectible beyond such threshold, subject to the following restrictions:
\u03c6
_
i
<
\u03c6
_
i
+
1
\ue89e
i
=
1
\ue89e
\ue89e
\u2026
\ue89e
\ue89e
n
–
1
\u03c6
_
i
=
(
\u03c6
i
max
+
\u03c6
i
min
)
2
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
=
1
determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values,
determining fi, \u03c6imax, \u03c6imin, i=1 . . . n as the solution of a minimization problem wherein the cost function is defined by the expression
Min
(
\uf605
\u03c6
left
min
–
\u03c6
ref
min
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
_
ref
–
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
right
max
–
\u03c6
ref
max
\uf606
)
wherein \u03c6leftmin and \u03c6rightmax are defined by the condition
\u03c6leftmin=Min(\u03c6imin); i=1, . . . , n
\u03c6rightmax=Max(\u03c6imax); i=1, . . . , n;
generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios having a three-dimensional domain and the shape of the n facies using a a multipoint statistical method, wherein multipoint statistical method is restricted to the number of facies n, the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein it further comprises providing an analogues data base comprising records of known reservoirs wherein each record comprises scalar data of material properties for determining values such as facies properties.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, \u03c6ref values are obtained as follows:
when providing an analog data base comprising records of known reservoirs, at least one record further comprises the porosity of the material, that is, the minimum value \u03c6anmin of the porosity, the mean value \u03c6an of the porosity, and the maximum value \u03c6anmax of the porosity,
when compiling information on the target hydrocarbon reservoir in step a), such information has at least a material property among the material properties comprised in the records of the analog data base,
provide a similarity criterion for the comparison of reservoirs sharing at least a common material property,
select the set of m records in the analog data base meeting the similarity criterion with the target reservoir, wherein at least one record of the selected record comprises the porosity of the material,
when determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values, such values are obtained for the set of records of the analog data base selected as:
\u03c6refminMean(\u03c6an,jmin) j=1 . . . m
\u03c6ref=Mean( \u03c6an,j) j=1 . . . m; and,
\u03c6refmax=Mean(\u03c6an,jmax) j=1 . . . m for all records having the porosity information.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein a plurality of records of the analog data base further comprises the permeability (K) property of the materials and the porosity,
determining a correlation between the permeability versus the porosity with the Carman-Kozeny law expressed as the logarithmic value of the permeability versus the porosity, obtained from the selected set of analog data base records,
the dispersion of the former law is obtained from the same selected set of analog data base records,
the permeability as a scalar field defined over the three-dimensional domain for each three-dimensional scenario is generated based on the correlation between permeability and porosity and its geo-statistical variability.
5. A method according claim 3, wherein the m selected records of the analog data base further comprises the water saturation values of the materials S, or, data on water saturation allowing to calculate the S, form such data by postprocessing and the average water saturation for each facies is calculated as follows:
for the m selected records, being m>n, solving the over determined system of m equations, by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns fl i=1, . . . , n;
being \u03c6i the mean porosity for each calculated facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
\u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m selected records obtained from the analogues data base,
for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the saturation Si is calculated by solving the over determined system of equations, the by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l Si= San,j.
6. A method according to claim 3, wherein the m selected records of the analog data base further comprise the net-to-gross NTG values of the materials NTG; or, data on net-to-gross NTG allowing to calculate the NTG, form such data by postprocessing and the average NTG for each facies is calculated as follows:
for the m selected records, being m>n, solving the over determined system of m equations, by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns {tilde over (f)}l i=1, . . . , n;
being \u03c6i the mean porosity for each calculated facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
\u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m selected records obtained from the analogues data base,
for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the net-to-gross NTGi is calculated by solving the over determined system of equations, the by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l NTGi= NTGan,j.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the records of the analog data base further comprises volumetric data such as the reservoir area and thickness, NTG (net-to-gross) and saturation information,
when generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios has a three-dimensional domain, the domain is generated randomly from a multidimensional correlation between area and thickness and has a volume verifying that is big enough to store the oil calculated according to the volumetric data.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the multipoint statistical method for generating the plurality of three-dimensional scenarios is restricted in each scenario to the number of facies n, the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n, and the property \u03c6 spatially distributed based on its statistical distribution \u03c6i, \u03c6imin, \u03c6imax using a geo-statistical algorithm and also to a predetermined longitudinal correlation equation and a predetermined orientation.
9. A data processing system for generating scenarios of hydrocarbon reservoirs based on limited amount of information on a target hydrocarbon reservoir, said data processing system comprising:
means for compiling information on the target hydrocarbon reservoir,
means for providing a number n of facies comprising an integer between 1 and 8, in the domain of the scenario modeling the target hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, is modeled by its partial rate fi, and a normal distribution of the porosity having a mean value \u03c6i and the cutoff values \u03c6imin and \u03c6imax for a predetermined threshold such that the area of the tail of the normal distribution is deemed to be neglectible beyond such threshold, subject to the following restrictions:
\u03c6
_
i
<
\u03c6
_
i
+
1
\ue89e
i
=
1
\ue89e
\ue89e
\u2026
\ue89e
\ue89e
n
–
1
\u03c6
_
i
=
(
\u03c6
i
max
+
\u03c6
i
min
)
2
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
=
1
means for determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values,
means for determining fi, \u03c6i, \u03c6imax, \u03c6imin, i=1 . . . n as the solution of a minimization problem wherein the cost function is defined by the expression
Min
(
\uf605
\u03c6
left
min
–
\u03c6
ref
min
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
_
ref
–
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
right
max
–
\u03c6
ref
max
\uf606
)
wherein \u03c6leftmin and \u03c6rightmax are defined by the condition
\u03c6leftmin=Min(\u03c6imin); i=1, . . . , n
\u03c6rightmax=Max(\u03c6imax); i=1, . . . , n;
means for multipoint statistical analysis for generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios having a three-dimensional domain and the shape of the n facies, said means for multipoint statistical analysis being restricted to the number of facies n, and the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n.
10. A data processing system according to claim 9 wherein the means for determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and \u03c6ref comprises:
means for providing an analog data base of known reservoir records, at least one record further comprises the porosity of the material, that is, the minimum value \u03c6anmin of the porosity, the mean value \u03c6an of the porosity, and the maximum value \u03c6anmax of the porosity,
means for compiling target hydrocarbon reservoir information having at least a material property among the material properties comprised in the records of the analog data base,
means for providing a similarity criterion for the comparison of reservoirs sharing at least a common material property,
means for selecting the set of m records in the analog data base meeting the similarity criterion with the target reservoir, wherein at least one record of the selected record comprises the porosity of the material,
means for obtaining the set of records of the analog data base when determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values as:
\u03c6refmin=Mean(\u03c6an,jmin) j=1 . . . m
\u03c6ref=Mean( \u03c6an,j) j=1 . . . m; and,
\u03c6refmax=Mean(\u03c6an,jmax) j=1 . . . m for all records having the porosity information.
11. A data processing system according to claim 10, wherein a plurality of records of the analog data base further include the permeability (K) property of the materials and the porosity, and the data processing system further comprises:
means for determining a correlation between the permeability versus the porosity with the Carman-Kozeny law expressed as the logarithmic value of the permeability versus the porosity, obtained from the selected set of analog data base records,
means for obtaining the dispersion of the Carman-Kozeny law from the same selected set of analog data base records,
means for defining permeability as a scalar field over the three-dimensional domain for each three-dimensional scenario generated based on the correlation between permeability and porosity and its variability by means of geo-statistical algorithm.
12. A data processing system according claim 10, wherein the means for selecting the set of m records of the analog data base further comprises:
means for selecting the water saturation values of the materials S, or, data on water saturation allowing to calculate the S,
means for postprocessing such data and averaging water saturation for each facies comprising:
means for solving the over determined system of m equations for the m selected records, being m>n, by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns {tilde over (f)}l i=1, . . . , n;
means for calculating the mean porosity \u03c6i for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
means for selecting for \u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m records obtained from the analogues data base,
means for calculating for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the saturation Si being calculated by solving the over determined system of equations, by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l Si= San,j.
13. A data processing system according claim 10, wherein the means for selecting m records of the analog data base further comprises means for determining net-to-gross NTG values of the materials for NTG, forming such data by postprocessing and the averaging NTG for each facies comprising:
means for solving for the m selected records, where m>n, the over determined system of m equations, preferably by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns {tilde over (f)}l i=1, . . . , n;
means for calculating the mean porosity \u03c6i for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
means selecting for \u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m records obtained from the analogues data base,
means for calculating for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the net-to-gross NTGi by solving the over determined system of equations, by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l NTGi= NTGan,j.
14. A data processing system according to claim 9, further comprising means for providing an analog data base of known reservoir records wherein each record includes scalar data of material properties for determining values such as facies properties, and wherein:
the records of the analog data base further include volumetric data such as the reservoir area and thickness, NTG (net-to-gross) and saturation information,
means for generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios having a three-dimensional domain, wherein the domain is generated randomly from a multidimensional correlation between area and thickness and has a volume verifying that is big enough to store the oil calculated according to the volumetric data.
15. A data processing system according to claim 9, wherein the means for multipoint statistical analysis restricts each scenario to the number of facies n, the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n, and spatially distributes the property \u03c6 based on its statistical distribution \u03c6i, \u03c6imin, \u03c6imax according to a geo-statistical algorithm, to a predetermined longitudinal correlation equation and to a predetermined orientation.
16. A computer program product for generating hydrocarbon reservoirs scenarios based on limited target hydrocarbon reservoir information, said computer program product comprising a computer usable medium having computer readable program code stored thereon, said computer readable program code comprising:
computer program code means for compiling information on the target hydrocarbon reservoir,
computer program code means for providing a number n of facies comprising an integer between 1 and 8, in the domain of the scenario modeling the target hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, is modeled by its partial rate fi, and a normal distribution of the porosity having a mean value \u03c6i and the cutoff values \u03c6imin and \u03c6imax for a predetermined threshold such that the area of the tail of the normal distribution is deemed to be neglectible beyond such threshold, subject to the following restrictions:
\u03c6
_
i
<
\u03c6
_
i
+
1
\ue89e
i
=
1
\ue89e
\ue89e
\u2026
\ue89e
\ue89e
n
–
1
\u03c6
_
i
=
(
\u03c6
i
max
+
\u03c6
i
min
)
2
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
=
1
computer program code means for determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values,
computer program code means for determining fi, \u03c6i, \u03c6imax, \u03c6imin, i=1 . . . n as the solution of a minimization problem wherein the cost function is defined by the expression
Min
(
\uf605
\u03c6
left
min
–
\u03c6
ref
min
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
_
ref
–
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
i
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
\uf606
+
\uf605
\u03c6
right
max
–
\u03c6
ref
max
\uf606
)
wherein \u03c6leftmin and \u03c6rightmax are defined by the condition
\u03c6leftmin=Min(\u03c6imin); i=1, . . . , n
\u03c6rightmax=Max(\u03c6imax); i=1, . . . , n;
computer program code means for multipoint statistical analysis for generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios having a three-dimensional domain and the shape of the n facies, said means for multipoint statistical analysis being restricted to the number of facies n, and the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n.
17. A data processing system according to claim 16 wherein the computer program code means for determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and \u03c6ref comprises:
computer program code means for providing an analog data base of known reservoir records, at least one record further comprises the porosity of the material, that is, the minimum value \u03c6anmin of the porosity, the mean value \u03c6an of the porosity, and the maximum value \u03c6anmax of the porosity,
computer program code means for compiling target hydrocarbon reservoir information having at least a material property among the material properties comprised in the records of the analog data base,
computer program code means for providing a similarity criterion for the comparison of reservoirs sharing at least a common material property,
computer program code means for selecting the set of m records in the analog data base meeting the similarity criterion with the target reservoir, wherein at least one record of the selected record comprises the porosity of the material,
computer program code means for obtaining the set of records of the analog data base when determining \u03c6refmin, \u03c6refmax, and the \u03c6ref values as:
\u03c6refmin=Mean(\u03c6an,jmin) j=1 . . . m
\u03c6ref=Mean( \u03c6an,j) j=1 . . . m; and,
\u03c6refmax=Mean(\u03c6an,jmax) j=1 . . . m for all records having the porosity information.
18. A data processing system according to claim 17, wherein a plurality of records of the analog data base further include the permeability (K) property of the materials and the porosity, and the data processing system further comprises:
computer program code means for determining a correlation between the permeability versus the porosity with the Carman-Kozeny law expressed as the logarithmic value of the permeability versus the porosity, obtained from the selected set of analog data base records,
computer program code means for obtaining the dispersion of the Carman-Kozeny law from the same selected set of analog data base records,
computer program code means for defining permeability as a scalar field over the three-dimensional domain for each three-dimensional scenario generated based on the correlation between permeability and porosity and its variability using a geo-statistical algorithm.
19. A data processing system according claim 17, wherein the computer program code means for selecting the set of m records of the analog data base further comprises:
computer program code means for selecting the water saturation values of the materials S, or, data on water saturation allowing to calculate the S,
computer program code means for postprocessing such data and averaging water saturation for each facies comprising:
computer program code means for solving the over determined system of m equations for the m selected records, being m>n, by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns {tilde over (f)}l i=1, . . . , n;
computer program code means for calculating the mean porosity \u03c6i for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
computer program code means for selecting for \u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m records obtained from the analogues data base,
computer program code means for calculating for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the saturation Si is calculated by solving the over determined system of equations, by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l Si= San,j.
20. A data processing system according claim 17, wherein the computer program code means for selecting m records of the analog data base further comprises computer program code means for determining net-to-gross NTG values of the materials for NTG, forming such data by postprocessing and the averaging NTG for each facies comprising:
computer program code means for solving for the m selected records, where m>n, the over determined system of m equations, preferably by mean square method:
\u2211
i
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
f
~
\u03b9
\ue89e
\u03c6
_
i
=
\u03c6
_
an
,
j
for all j=1, . . . , m records of the analogues data base and the n unknowns {tilde over (f)}l i=1, . . . , n;
computer program code means for calculating the mean porosity \u03c6i for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n; and,
means selecting for \u03c6an,j j=1, . . . , m the mean values of the m records obtained from the analogues data base,
computer program code means for calculating for each facies Fi, i=1 . . . n, the average value of the net-to-gross NTGi by solving the over determined system of equations, by least square method:
\u03a3i=1n{tilde over (f)}l NTGi= NTGan,j.
21. A data processing system according to claim 16, further comprising computer program code means for providing an analog data base of known reservoir records wherein each record includes scalar data of material properties for determining values such as facies properties, and wherein:
the records of the analog data base further include volumetric data such as the reservoir area and thickness, NTG (net-to-gross) and saturation information,
computer program code means for generating a plurality of three-dimensional scenarios having a three-dimensional domain, wherein the domain is generated randomly from a multidimensional correlation between area and thickness and has a volume verifying that is big enough to store the oil calculated according to the volumetric data.
22. A data processing system according to claim 16, wherein the computer program code means for multipoint statistical analysis restricts each scenario to the number of facies n, the partial rates of facies fi, i=1 . . . n, and spatially distributes the property \u03c6 based on its statistical distribution \u03c6i, \u03c6imin, \u03c6imax according to a geo-statistical algorithm, to a predetermined longitudinal correlation equation and to a predetermined orientation.