1. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus comprising a correlator for correlating a spread spectrum signal with a reference signal, and processing a correlation signal from the correlator, characterized in that:
a spreading code having a prescribed length and used to despread said spread signal is divided into a plurality of divided codes; each of the divided codes is sequentially supplied to said correlator as a reference signal in accordance with the order of arrangement in said spreading code; said correlation signal which is output corresponding to said each of the divided codes is summed; and a summed result is output.
2. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus comprising a correlator for correlating a spread spectrum signal with a reference signal, and processing a correlation signal from the correlator, characterized by:
control means for controlling supply of each of divided codes sequentially to said correlator as the reference signal in accordance with the order of arrangement in a spreading code, said each of divided codes being formed by dividing the spreading code having a prescribed length and used to despread said spread signal into a plurality of divided codes; and signal processing means for summing said correlation signal which is output corresponding to said each of the divided codes and for outputting a summed result.
3. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that:
said signal processing means comprises an AD converter for converting said correlation signal into a digital signal, memory means for storing the digital signal from said AD converter as digital data, and a signal processor for summing said digital data corresponding to said each of the divided codes and for outputting the summed result, and
said signal processor starts the summing of said digital data by making reference to the timing at which said control means supplies said divided code to said correlator.
4. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that:
said signal processing means includes a plurality of delay elements for delaying a signal by a time duration corresponding to a length of said divided code, and
each of said delay elements is connected in cascade, and an output of said correlator is connected to an input of each of said delay elements and to an output of a last stage of said delay elements.
5. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that:
said signal processing means includes a plurality of delay elements for delaying a signal by a time duration corresponding to a length of said divided code, and an adder for summing a delay signal from said each delay element and said correlation signal, and
each of said delay elements is connected in cascade, and an output of said correlator is connected to an input of a first stage of said delay elements.
6. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that:
said each of the divided codes is constituted to have an identical length.
7. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that:
said correlator is a surface acoustic wave convolver, and
said each of the divided codes has the same length as or shorter length than a code length corresponding to an interaction length of said convolver.
8. A spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that:
said control means, until a peak of said correlation signal is detected, generates successively a divided code positioned at a prescribed order in the arrangement order of said spreading code among the divided codes as said reference signal, said divided codes being obtained by dividing into a plurality of divided codes the spreading code of a prescribed length used to despread said spread signal, and said control means, after a peak of said correlation signal is detected, generates successively each of said divide codes in sequence as said reference signal from the next of said prescribed order.
9. A spread spectrum communication system for performing communication using a spread spectrum signal between at least two communication equipments, characterized in that:
said communication equipment comprises synchronization detecting means for performing synchronization recognition of said spread signal, and despreading means for performing despreading on said spread signal by making reference to a synchronization recognition signal from said synchronization detecting means, and
said spread spectrum signal processing apparatus according to any of one of claims 1 to 7 is applied to either of said synchronization detecting means or said despreading means.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of functionalizing an electron transmissive and electron conductive film, wherein the film comprises carbon, the method comprising:
surface-oxidizing at least one surface of the film, and
reacting the at least one surface of the film with one or more organosilane derivatives that form a siloxane bond with the at least one surface of the film, thereby silanizing the at least one surface of the film.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the silanized film surface has the formula C\u2014O\u2014Si\u2014R3, C comprises the at least one surface of the film, \u2014O\u2014Si comprises the siloxane bond, and R comprises one or more functional groups.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein surface-oxidizing the at least one surface of the film comprises using a mild oxidant.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the mild oxidant comprises dilute UVozone, ozone, H2O2, oxygen plasma, or an acid.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein surface-oxidizing the at least one surface of the film comprises surface-oxidizing the at least one surface to about 0.2 to about 1 \u2014OHnm2.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the organosilane derivative has the formula: RSiX3, R2SiX2, R3SiX, or a combination thereof, or R-silatrane (R-2,8,9-trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo(3.3.3)undecane);
wherein X comprises a chloride, a bromide, an alkoxy group comprising a straight-chain or branched C1-C30 radical, a phenoxy, a benzyloxy, or a naphthoxy; and
wherein R comprises an aryl; an alkyl; an alkenyl; an amine; a carboxyl; a carbonyl; a sulfhydryl; a phosphonate; a sulfonate; an epoxy; a chemical linker to a biomolecule, wherein the chemical linker comprises a maleimide, an NHS-ester, or a carbodiimide; or a biological molecule, wherein the biological molecule comprises a protein, an antibody, or a virus.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein reacting the at least one surface of the film with one or more organosilane derivatives comprises exposing the at least one surface of the film to a vapor phase of an organosilane derivative at a temperature of from about 25\xb0 C. to about 100\xb0 C. in an ambient or inert atmosphere.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein reacting the at least one surface of the film with one or more organosilane derivatives comprises reacting the at least one surface of the film in liquid phase with the organosilane derivative dissolved or dispersed in aqueous or nonaqueous solvent.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein reacting the at least one surface of the film with one or more organosilane derivatives comprises contacting the at least one surface of the film with the liquid phase by immersion, floating, adding a droplet to the at least one surface of the film, spray coating, spin-coating, or dip-coating.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises heat treatment;
rinsing; reacting with a bi-functional linker, wherein the bi-functional linker comprises EDC (1-Ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), SMCC (succinimidyl 4-N-maleimidomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate), sulfo-SMCC, BS3 (Bissulfosuccinimidylsuberate), sulfo-NHS, or another homobifunctional or heterobifunctional linker molecule; and conjugating a biomolecule directly to the at least one surface of the film, wherein the biomolecule comprises a nucleic acid, an antibody, a protein, a virus, an antigen, or an oligopeptide.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one surface of the film is silanized in a pattern to provide at least two regions of the at least one surface of the film with different surface chemistries.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pattern is a regular pattern comprising an array of functionalized regions, or an irregular pattern.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprises one or more areas that are not functionalized.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the pattern comprises a microarray.