1. A video encoding and decoding system comprising:
a video encoding apparatus for generating video encoding information by dividing each frame of a video into blocks of a predetermined size and by encoding blocks by using a quantization parameter defined corresponding to the blocks of the predetermined size, the video encoding apparatus including:
an orthogonal transform unit configured to compress information of image data in a spatial direction; and
a quantization unit configured to quantize an orthogonal transform coefficient of the image data that is orthogonal-transformed by the orthogonal transform unit, wherein
the quantization unit divides the blocks of the predetermined size into sub-blocks based on quantization division information for dividing the blocks of the predetermined size into the sub-blocks of a size smaller than the predetermined size, each of which is quantized by using the quantization parameter according to an image property, quantizes the orthogonal transform coefficient by using a quantization parameter decided for each of the sub-blocks, and encodes the decided quantization parameter for each of the sub-blocks,
each of the sub-blocks for which the quantization parameter is decided has a size equal to or larger than a block size that is a unit of processing in the orthogonal transform,
the quantization unit quantizes a difference of a quantization parameter, which is used to quantize the orthogonal transform coefficient, from a more suitable quantization parameter among quantization parameters of encoded neighboring blocks of the predetermined size or sub-blocks,
the more suitable quantization parameter is an intermediate value of the quantization parameters of the encoded neighboring blocks of the predetermined size or sub-blocks,
when a plurality of left blocks that are adjacent to an left end of the sub-block to be encoded are present and a plurality of upper blocks that are adjacent to an upper end of the sub-block to be encoded are present as an encoded block of the predetermined size or an encoded sub-block, a difference between an intermediate value between a quantization parameter of further upper block among the left blocks and a quantization parameter of further left block among the upper blocks, and a quantization parameter the sub-block to be encoded is encoded; and
a video decoding apparatus for decoding the video encoded by the video encoding apparatus including:
a quantization division obtaining unit configured to obtaining the quantization division information set in the video encoding information; and
an inverse quantization unit configured to perform inverse quantization for an orthogonal transform coefficient quantized for each of sub-blocks according to the obtained quantization division information in a block of the predetermined size to be processed.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An integrated method for the manufacture of epoxidized esters comprising:
a) combining an oxygen-containing gas stream and a liquid secondary alcohol having a boiling point greater than 220 C;
b) reacting said secondary alcohol and said oxygen-containing stream to form hydrogen peroxide and a ketone analog;
c) hydrogenating said ketone analog to reform said liquid secondary alcohol;
d) recycling said liquid secondary alcohol to said combining step;
e) stripping said hydrogen peroxide from said ketone analog to form a gaseous peroxide stream;
f) contacting said gaseous peroxide stream with at least one unsaturated fatty acid ester; and
g) reacting said fatty acid ester and said gaseous peroxide stream in the presence of acetic acid and a sulphonic acid catalyst to form such epoxidized esters.
2. The integrated method, according to claim 1, wherein said unsaturated fatty acid ester is a product of reacting at least one fatty acid lower alkyl ester with at least one C2-C6 polyol.
3. The integrated method, according to claim 2, wherein said C2-C6 polyol is at least one of propylene glycol and glycerol.
4. An integrated method for the manufacture of epoxidized esters comprising:
a) providing a source of oxygen-containing gas and a pressure vessel;
b) generating a hydrogen peroxide reactant stream by steps including:
(i) providing a first oxidation liquid reaction mixture of greater than 50 weight percent of a secondary alcohol to said pressure vessel;
(ii) contacting within said pressure vessel said oxygen-containing gas with said first oxidation reactor feed under predetermined conditions sufficient to oxidize at least half of said secondary alcohol to hydrogen peroxide and byproduct ketone analog;
(iii) separating effluent of said oxidation reactor vessel into a first gaseous and a first liquid effluent stream;
(iv) stripping hydrogen peroxide from said first liquid effluent stream with a recycling gas stream to form a resultant gas stream and a stripped liquid stream;
(v) combining said resultant gas stream with said second gaseous stream to form said hydrogen peroxide reactant stream;
(vi) contacting said first gaseous stream with an aqueous solution to form an aqueous peroxide stream;
(vii) injecting a predetermined cooled portion of said stripped liquid stream back into said oxidation reaction vessel;
(viii) providing an hydrogenation reaction vessel having a source of super-atmospheric hydrogen gas;
(ix) hydrogenating at least half of said ketone analog in a portion of said stripped liquid stream into an hydrogenated ketone stream containing between 20 and 80 mole percent of said secondary alcohol;
(x) recycling said hydrogenated ketone stream to Step 4-b-(i) to provide said secondary alcohol
b) commingling an unsaturated fatty acid ester with said aqueous peroxide stream and catalytic amounts of acetic acid to provide a liquid epoxidation reactor charge;
c) reacting an unsaturated fatty acid ester with said hydrogen peroxide reactant stream in the presence of a preselected acidic catalyst and acetic acid at predetermined conditions to form an epoxidized product;
d) venting a third gaseous stream continuously during course of said reacting of fatty acid ester and boosting pressure of said third gaseous stream to form said recycle gas stream in step 4-a)(vii);
e) stopping the epoxidation reaction based upon preselected criteria;
f) neutralizing acidic components of the stopped epoxidation product by mixing with a base;
g) recovering a crude epoxidized product from said neutralized reaction product;
h) treating said crude epoxidized product over at least one of drying, ion-exchange, adsorption, and decolorizing beds of solids to produce such epoxidized ester.
5. An integrated method for manufacture of epoxidized fatty acid esters comprising the steps of:
a) generating a hydrogen peroxide reactant stream by steps including:
(i) providing a first oxidation liquid reaction mixture of greater than 50 weight percent secondary alcohol;
(ii) contacting said liquid secondary alcohol with a compressed air stream in an oxidation reactor vessel at a first predetermined temperature and first predetermined pressure;
(iii) feeding continuously at least one stream having greater than 50 weight percent of secondary alcohol into said first oxidation reactor vessel;
(iv) oxidizing at least half of said secondary alcohol to form hydrogen peroxide and a ketone analog;
(v) withdrawing at effluent of said oxidation reactor vessel a first gaseous and a first liquid effluent stream;
(vi) cooling first gaseous effluent stream from said first oxidation reactor vessel thereby creating a second gaseous and second liquid stream;
(vii) reducing pressure of said first liquid effluent stream substantially below said first predetermined pressure thereby forming a second gaseous and a second liquid effluent stream;
(viii) stripping hydrogen peroxide from said second liquid effluent stream with a recycling gas stream to form a third gaseous stream;
(ix) combining said third gaseous stream with said second gaseous stream to form said hydrogen peroxide reactant stream and a stripped liquid stream;
(x) contacting said first gaseous stream with an aqueous solution to form at least an aqueous peroxide stream;
(xi) injecting a predetermined portion of said second effluent stream back into said oxidation reaction vessel;
(xii) hydrogenating at least half of said ketone analog to said secondary alcohol and forming an hydrogenated ketone stream; and
(xiii) recycling said hydrogenated ketone stream to Step 5-a-(ii) to provide substantially all of said secondary alcohol
b) commingling an unsaturated fatty acid ester with said aqueous peroxide stream and catalytic amounts of acetic acid to provide a liquid epoxidation reactor charge;
c) reacting batch-wise said liquid epoxidation charge with said primary hydrogen peroxide reactant stream in the presence of a preselected acidic catalyst at a predetermined temperature to form an epoxidized product;
d) venting a third gaseous stream continuously during course of said batchwise reaction and boosting pressure of said third gaseous stream to form said recycle gas stream in step 1-a-(vii);
e) stopping said batch-wise reaction based upon preselected criteria;
f) neutralizing acidic components of said stopped epoxidation product by mixing with a base;
g) separating the neutralized acid salts from said epoxidized ester;
h) treating the separated epoxidized ester over at least one of drying, ion-exchange, adsorption, and decolorizing beds of solids.
6. The integrated method, according to claim 4, wherein said secondary alcohol has a normal boiling point greater than 220 C.
7. The integrated method, according to claim 6, wherein said secondary alcohol is diphenylcarbinol.
8. The integrated method, according to claim 5, wherein said secondary alcohol has a normal boiling point greater than 220 C.
9. The integrated method, according to claim 8, wherein said secondary alcohol is diphenylcarbinol.
10. The integrated method, according to claim 1, wherein said secondary alcohol is diphenylcarbinol and said ketone analog is benzophenone.