1. A power system for use with a mobile machine having a traction device, comprising:
a power source configured to generate a torque output;
a transmission configured to receive at least a portion of the torque output and to drive the traction device;
an operator input device movable through a range from a neutral position to a maximum displaced position to generate a signal indicative of a desired torque of the traction device and a desired speed of the power source; and
a controller in communication with the power source, the transmission, and the operator input device, the controller being configured to:
reference the signal from the operator input device with a map stored in memory to determine a corresponding speed of the power source;
determine a margin between an actual and a maximum available torque output of the power source at a current power source speed;
selectively adjust a speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position of the operator input device based on the margin; and
selectively adjust fueling of the power source at a current displacement position of the operator input device and operation of the transmission based on the signal and on the map.
2. The power system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to:
receive a selection from an operator of the mobile machine indicative of desired operation in a performance mode or an economy mode; and
selectively lower the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position when the selection is the economy mode.
3. The power system of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to selectively lower a speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position when the selection is the economy mode.
4. The power system of claim 3, wherein the speed of the power source mapped to maximum displaced position during operation in the economy mode is about the same as the speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position during operation in the performance mode.
5. The power system of claim 3, wherein the speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position during operation in the economy mode is about 75% of the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position during operation in the performance mode.
6. The power system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drop the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position when the margin increases past a threshold.
7. The power system of claim 6, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drop the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position by about 10-15% when the margin increases past a threshold.
8. The power system of claim 7, wherein the margin is about 10%.
9. The power system of claim 6, wherein the controller is configured to selectively increase the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position when the margin is about equal to or less than the threshold.
10. The power system of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to selectively increase the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position to maintain the margin at about the threshold.
11. The power system of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to incrementally increase the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position.
12. The power system of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to linearly increase the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position.
13. The power system of claim 10, wherein the margin is about equal to zero when the operator input device is moved to maximum displaced position.
14. The power system of claim 10, wherein the margin is greater than the threshold when the operator input device is moved to the neutral position.
15. The power system of claim 1, wherein the transmission is a continuously variable transmission.
16. A power system for a mobile machine having a traction device, comprising:
a power source configured to generate a torque output;
a continuously variable transmission configured to receive at least a portion of the torque output and to drive the traction device;
an operator input device movable through a range from a neutral position to a maximum displaced position to generate a signal indicative of a desired torque of the traction device and a desired speed of the power source; and
a controller in communication with the power source, the continuously variable transmission, and the operator input device, the controller being configured to:
reference the signal from the operator input device with a map stored in memory to determine a corresponding speed of the power source;
determine a margin between an actual and a maximum available torque output of the power source at a current speed;
selectively adjust a speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position of the operator input device based on the margin;
selectively adjust fueling of the power source at a current displacement position of the operator input device and operation of the continuously variable transmission based on the signal and on the map;
receive a selection from an operator of the mobile machine indicative of desired operation in a performance mode or an economy mode; and
selectively lower the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position and a speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position when the selection is the economy mode.
17. The power system of claim 16, wherein:
the speed of the power source mapped to maximum displaced position during operation in the economy mode is about the same as the speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position during operation in the performance mode; and
the speed of the power source mapped to the neutral position during operation in the economy mode is about 75% of the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position during operation in the performance mode.
18. The power system of claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to:
selectively drop the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position when the margin increases past a threshold; and
selectively increase the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position when the margin is about equal to or less than the threshold.
19. The power system of claim 18, wherein:
the margin is about equal to zero when the operator input device is moved to maximum displaced position; and
the margin is greater than the threshold when the operator input device is moved to the neutral position.
20. A method of operating a mobile machine having a traction device driven by a power source via a transmission, the method comprising:
determining a displacement position of an operator input device that is indicative of a desired torque of the traction device and a desired speed of the power source
referencing the displacement position with a map to determine a corresponding speed of the power source;
determining a margin between an actual and a maximum available torque output of the power source at a current speed;
selectively adjusting a speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position of the operator input device based on the margin;
selectively adjusting fueling of the power source at a current displacement position of the operator input device and operation of the transmission based on the signal and on the map;
receiving a selection from an operator of the mobile machine indicative of desired operation in a performance mode or an economy mode; and
selectively lowering the speed of the power source mapped to the maximum displaced position of the operator input device and a speed of the power source mapped to a neutral position of the operator input device when the selection is the economy mode.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An image sensor, comprising:
an array of pixels disposed in or on a semiconductor substrate, the array of pixels comprising:
a plurality of photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate;
a plurality of color filters disposed on the semiconductor substrate; and
a plurality of waveguide walls disposed in the plurality of color filters, where the plurality of waveguide walls are surrounding the plurality of color filters forming a plurality of waveguides, wherein each of the waveguides is associated with a corresponding one of the photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate on a one-to-one basis,
wherein a distance between two adjacent waveguide walls decreases as the waveguide walls are further away from a center of the image sensor and getting closer to an edge of the image sensor.
2. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide wall comprises a dielectric material.
3. The image sensor of claim 2, wherein the dielectric material comprises oxide.
4. The image sensor of claim 3, wherein the dielectric material comprises silicon dioxide.
5. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide wall is an air gap.
6. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide walls surrounding a given color filter comprise a shape selected from one of square, rectangle, triangle, circle, trapezoid, polygon, and elliptic.
7. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide walls comprise a height of greater than or equal to approximately 0.1 micron and less than or equal to approximately 1.2 micron.
8. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide walls comprise a height of greater than or equal to approximately 0.2 micron and less than or equal to approximately 0.8 micron.
9. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide walls are shorter than the color filters.
10. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the waveguide walls are substantially as tall as the color filters.
11. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein a distance between two adjacent waveguide walls is greater than or equal to approximately 0.2 micron and less than or equal to approximately 1.6 micron.
12. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein a distance between two adjacent waveguide walls is greater than or equal to approximately 0.3 micron and less than or equal to approximately 1.2 micron.
13. The image sensor of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of micro-lenses disposed on the plurality of color filters.
14. The image sensor of claim 1, further comprising a passivation layer disposed between the photosensitive elements and the waveguide walls.
15. The image sensor of claim 1, further comprising an antireflective layer disposed between the photosensitive elements and the waveguide walls.
16. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein an individual color filter in the plurality of color filters and an individual waveguide wall in the plurality of waveguide walls are shifted with respect to a corresponding individual photosensitive element, in proximity to an edge of the array of pixels.
17. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein an individual color filter in the plurality of color filters and an individual waveguide wall in the plurality of waveguide walls are disposed on a respective photosensitive element, in proximity to a center of the array of pixels.
18. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the array of pixels is on a first side of the semiconductor substrate and metal layers are disposed on a second side of the semiconductor substrate.
19. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the array of pixels and metal layers are disposed on a same side of the semiconductor substrate.
20. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein a metal wall is coupled to the waveguide wall between the waveguide wall and the photosensitive element.
21. A method of operating an image sensor, comprising:
receiving light at an array of pixels disposed in or on a semiconductor substrate, the array of pixels having a plurality of photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate, a plurality of color filters disposed on the semiconductor substrate, and a plurality of waveguide walls disposed in the plurality of color filters, where the plurality of waveguide walls are surrounding the plurality of color filter forming a plurality of waveguides, wherein each of the waveguides is associated with a corresponding one of the photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate on a one-to-one basis, wherein a distance between two adjacent waveguide walls decreases as the waveguide walls are further away from a center of the image sensor and getting closer to an edge of the image sensor;
filtering and guiding light in the plurality of color filters; and
passing light from the plurality of waveguides to the plurality of photosensitive elements.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the waveguide walls are air gaps.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the waveguide walls are dielectric material.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the waveguide walls are silicon dioxide material.
25. The method of claim 21, wherein a plurality of metal walls are coupled to the plurality of waveguide walls between the plurality of waveguide walls and the plurality of photosensitive elements.
26. The method of claim 25 further comprising absorbing light propagating along the plurality of waveguide walls.
27. An image sensor, comprising:
an array of pixels disposed in or on a semiconductor substrate, the array of pixels further comprising:
a plurality of photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate;
a plurality of color filters disposed on the semiconductor substrate;
a plurality of waveguide walls disposed in the plurality of color filters, where the plurality of waveguide walls are surrounding the plurality of color filters forming a plurality of waveguides; and
a plurality of metal walls coupled to the plurality of waveguide walls between the plurality of waveguide walls and the plurality of photosensitive element,
wherein each of the waveguides is associated with a corresponding one of the photosensitive elements disposed in the semiconductor substrate on a one-to-one basis,
wherein a distance between two adjacent waveguide walls decreases as the waveguide walls are further away from a center of the image sensor and getting closer to an edge of the image sensor.
28. The image sensor of claim 27, wherein the waveguide walls comprise a dielectric material.
29. The image sensor of claim 27, wherein the waveguide walls are air gaps.
30. The image sensor of claim 27, wherein an individual color filter in the plurality color filters and an individual waveguide wall in the plurality of waveguide walls is shifted with respect to an individual photosensitive element, in proximity to an edge of the array of pixels.
31. The image sensor of claim 27, wherein the distance between two adjacent waveguide walls decreases as the waveguide walls are further away from a center of the image sensor and getting closer to an edge of the image sensor.