1. An acrylate-aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide resin composition with thermochromic resistance at high temperature, comprising:
(A) about 20 to about 50% by weight of acrylic graft copolymer,
(B) about 30 to about 50% by weight of two types of aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymers having different molecular weights, and
(C) about 30 to about 50% by weight of alpha-methyl styrene terpolymer.
2. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic graft copolymer (A) comprises about 40 to about 60% by weight acrylic rubber and about 40 to about 60% by weight of monomer compounds including aromatic vinyl compound and vinyl cyanide compound.
3. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein the monomer compounds including vinyl cyanide compound and aromatic vinyl mixture comprises about 20 to about 30% by weight of vinyl cyanide compound and about 70 to about 80% by weight of aromatic vinyl compound.
4. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein the acrylic rubber comprises a C2 to C10 alkyl acrylate and has an average rubber particle size of about 0.1 to about 0.5 \u03bcm.
5. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein said aromatic vinyl compound comprises styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-t-butylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, vinylnaphthalene, or a combination thereof.
6. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein said vinyl cyanide compound comprises acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.
7. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein said acrylic graft copolymer (A) is acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) graft copolymer.
8. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the two types of aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymers (B) comprise about 20 to about 35% by weight of vinyl cyanide compound and about 65 to about 80% by weight of aromatic vinyl compound.
9. The resin composition of claim 8, wherein said aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymer (B) comprises (b1) a high molecular weight aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 130,000 to about 150,000 and (b2) a low molecular weight aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymer having a average molecular weight (Mw) of about 80,000 to about 100,000.
10. The resin composition of claim 8, wherein said aromatic vinyl compound comprises styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-t-butylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, vinylnaphthalene, or a combination thereof, and said vinyl cyanide compound comprises acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.
11. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein said alpha-methyl styrene terpolymer (C) is a vinyl cyanide compound-styrene-alpha-methyl styrene terpolymer and comprises about 20 to about 40% by weight of vinyl cyanide compound, about 10 to about 30% by weight of styrene monomer, and about 40 to about 70% by weight of alpha-methyl styrene.
12. The resin composition of claim 1, further comprising about 5 to about 10 parts by weight of a maleimide heat resistant copolymer (D), based on about 100 parts by weight of a base resin comprising said acrylic graft copolymer (A), aromatic vinyl-vinyl cyanide copolymer (B) and alpha-methyl styrene terpolymer (C).
13. The resin composition of claim 12, wherein said maleimide heat resistant copolymer comprises a copolymer comprising aromatic vinyl monomer, vinyl cyanide monomer, and N-substituted maleimide monomer.
14. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a change in yellowness value (\u0394YI) of less than about 7.0 measured using a spectrocolorimeter in accordance with ASTM D-1925, wherein the yellowness value of a specimen of the composition is measured before and after the specimen is maintained at a temperature of 250\xb0 C. for 10 min., wherein the specimen has a thickness of 2.2 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a length of 6 mm prepared at a forming temperature of 250\xb0 C., a mold temperature of 70\xb0 C., and a cooling time of 300 seconds.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A compound according to the formula
wherein R is a polyhydric alcohol residue;
n, m and x represent integers; and
m is less than or equal to x.
2. The compounds according to claim 1, wherein R comprises an altrose, arabinose, dextrose, erythrose, fructose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, lactose, lyxose, mannose, ribose, sucrose, talose, threose, xylose, galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, mannitol, sorbitol, threitol, ribitol, xylitol, (S)-1,2-propanediol or (R)-1,3-butanediol residue.
3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is from 1 to about 100.
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is from 1 to about 20.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is 3.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein x is from 4 to about 20.
7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein m is from 1 to about 20.
8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein x is from 1 to about 8.
9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R is (R)-1,3-butanediol.
10. The compound according to claim 1 having the formula
11. A compound having the formula
where n and m independently are integers from 1 to about 100.
12. The compound according to claim 11, wherein n and m are the same.
13. The compound according to claim 11, wherein n and m are different.
14. The compound according to claim 11, wherein n and m are 3.
15. An ester of R-3-hydroxybutyrate according to the formula
wherein n is an integer from 1 to about 100.
16. The ester according to claim 11, wherein n is 3.
17. A method for elevating the blood concentration of ketone bodies in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound of claim 1.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein R comprises an altrose, arabinose, dextrose, erythrose, fructose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, lactose, lyxose, mannose, ribose, sucrose, talose, threose, xylose, galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, mannitol, sorbitol, threitol, ribitol, xylitol, (S)-1,2-propanediol or (R)-1,3-butanediol residue.
19. The method according to claim 17, wherein n is from 1 to about 100.
20. The method according to claim 17, wherein n is from 1 to about 20.
21. The method according to claim 17, wherein n is 3.
22. The method according to claim 17, wherein x is from 4 to about 20.
23. The method according to claim 17, wherein m is from 1 to about 20.
24. The method according to claim 17, wherein x is from 1 to about 8.
25. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering the compound raises the blood ketone body concentration to between 0.1 mM and 20 mM.
26. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering the compound raises the blood ketone body concentration to between 0.2 mM and 10 mM.
27. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering the compound raises the blood ketone body concentration to between 2 mM and 8 mM.
28. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering comprises administering from about 5 grams to about 70 grams of the compound.
29. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering comprises administering from about 70 milligrams to about 5 grams per kilogram of the subject’s body weight.
30. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering comprises administering from about 1 gram to about 4 grams per kilogram of the subject’s body weight.
31. The method according to claim 17, wherein administering comprises administering from about 1.5 grams to about 3 grams per kilogram of body weight.
32. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises a method of treating a neurological disorder.
33. The method according to claim 17, wherein the neurological disorder comprises Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Pick’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or epilepsy.
34. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises a method of treating a muscular dystrophic state.
35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the muscular dystrophic state is comprises muscle wasting, muscular dystrophy or Friedreich’s ataxia.
36. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises increasing metabolic efficiency.
37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the method comprises treating a condition comprising a hypoxic state, angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, stroke, high altitude sickness or heart failure.
38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the method comprises a method of improving exercise efficiency.
39. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises a method of improving cognitive performance.
40. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises treating a disorder of glucose metabolism.
41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the disorder of glucose metabolism comprises insulin resistance.
42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the disorder of glucose metabolism comprises Leprechaunism, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, type II diabetes or hypoglycemic episodes.
43. A method for elevating the blood concentration of ketone bodies in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound of claim 1.
44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the method comprises a method for treating acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, Down’s syndrome, astrocytoma, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, Becker’s muscular dystrophy, glucose transporter defects, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Huntington’s chorea, coronary ischemia, Lafora body dementia, myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers syndrome, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Leigh’s syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy encephalopathy lactacidosis stroke syndrome, myoclonus, carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency types I and II, maple syrup urine disease, multi-infarct dementia, ischemia, ischemic reperfusion injury, thromboembolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypoxia, anoxia, resuscitation injury, spinal cord trauma, diabetic angiopathy, emphysema, asthma, neoplasia, Crohn’s disease, uveitis, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, obesity, type I diabetes or Wilson’s disease.
45. A method for synthesizing a derivative of R-3-hydroxybutyrate, comprising transesterifying a compound having the formula
to produce a compound having the formula
where R is an alkoxy group.
46. The method according to claim 45 where transesterifying comprises lipase catalyzed transesterification.
47. The method according to claim 45 where transesterifying is performed in supercritical carbon dioxide.
48. A composition comprising a compound of claim 2; and
a carrier.
49. The composition according to claim 48, wherein the compound has the formula
50. The composition according to claim 37, wherein n is 3.
51. A method for making (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, comprising:
providing poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; and
contacting the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with supercritical carbon dioxide; and
depolymerizing the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
52. The method according to claim 51, further comprising contacting the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with an acidic catalyst in the supercritical carbon dioxide.
53. The method according to claim 51, wherein the method produces an oligomer selected from the group consisting of dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, and combinations thereof.
54. The method according to claim 51, further comprising contacting the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with a depolymerase enzyme in the supercritical carbon dioxide.
57. The method according to claim 51, further comprising contacting the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with a hydrogenation catalyst.
56. The method according to claim 53, wherein the depolymerase enzyme is a member of the subgroup EC 3.1.1.75.
57. The method according to claim 53, wherein the depolymerase enzyme is selected from the family PhaZ1-PhaZ7.
58. The method according to claim 53, wherein the depolymerase favors production of pentameric poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
59. The method according to claim 53, wherein the depolymerase favors production of monomeric (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.