1. A method comprising:
mapping a strain distribution image;
wherein the mapping the strain distribution image comprises:
(a) capturing a diffraction pattern including a plurality of diffraction waves that are diffracted by illuminating an electron beam to a sample including a single-crystal structure in a zone axis direction;
(b) selectively detecting a selected diffraction wave among the plurality of diffraction waves in the diffraction pattern;
repeating (a) and (b) at a plurality of measurement points while scanning the sample with the electron beam; and
imaging the strain distribution associated with the selected diffraction wave detected at each of the plurality of measurement points, the strain distribution being described as a contrast image based on intensities of the plurality of detected diffraction waves at the respective measurement points.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining first, second and third strain distribution images by repeating the mapping the strain distribution image corresponding to first, second and third diffraction waves, respectively,
wherein the first, the second and the third diffraction waves are different position from each other in the plurality of diffraction waves; and
executing a stress analysis of the sample based on the first, the second and the third strain distribution images, respectively.
3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising a quantifying measurement results, wherein the measurement results comprise:
a magnitude of each strain included in the first strain distribution image;
a magnitude of each strain included in the second strain distribution image; and
a magnitude of each strain included in the third strain distribution image.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the executing the stress analysis further comprises:
calculating a shear strain of a fixed direction based on the measurement results; and
calculating a magnitude and a direction of a principal strain, based on the shear strain of the fixed direction and the measurement results.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the executing the stress analysis further comprises:
calculating a shear strain of a fixed direction based on the measurement results; and
calculating a shear strain of an optional direction, based on the shear strain of the fixed direction and the measurement results.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is a material with a single-crystal structure thinned uniformly, and the diffraction wave is obtained by forward scattering.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the illuminating the electron beam to the sample comprises:
preparing a rectangular aperture that has adjustable lengths for both sides of the rectangle;
focusing an electron beam to a rectangle shape having short and long sides through the rectangle aperture; and
illuminating the electron beam of the rectangle shape to the sample so as to parallel the short side to the diffraction direction of the selected diffraction wave.
8. A system comprising:
a scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM) illuminating an electron beam to a sample and detecting a diffraction wave and a transmission wave, the diffraction wave being diffracted by a crystal lattice; and
a strain distribution image extraction unit that select a fixed diffraction wave in a plurality of diffraction waves being captured while scanning the sample with the electron beam.
9. The system according to claim 8, further comprising:
a strain quantification unit that quantifies a strain intensity of the strain distribution image.
10. The system according to claim 8, further comprising:
a stress analysis unit;
wherein the strain distribution image extraction unit describes strain distribution images in a plurality of directions each corresponding to one of the plurality of diffraction waves; and
wherein the stress analysis unit executes stress analysis of the sample using the strain distribution images in the plurality of directions.
11. The system according to claim 10;
wherein the stress analysis unit is configured to execute process of:
calculating a shear strain of a fixed direction using the strain distribution images in the plurality of directions; and
calculating a magnitude and a direction of a principal strain, based on the strain distribution images in the plurality of the direction and calculated shear strain in fixed direction.
12. The system according to claim 10;
wherein the stress analysis unit is configured to execute process of:
calculating a shear strain of a fixed direction based on the strain distribution images in the plurality of directions; and
calculating a shear strain of an optional direction, based on the strain distribution images in the plurality of the direction and calculated shear strain in fixed direction.
13. The system according to claim 8;
wherein the STEM further comprises a sample orientation controller that adjusts a crystal orientation of the sample to a direction of an incident electron beam.
14. The system according to claim 8, further comprising:
a display apparatus that displays evaluation results including the strain distribution image.
15. The system according to claim 8;
wherein the STEM comprises an aperture having a rectangular opening to illuminate the electron beam to the sample with the rectangular shape;
wherein the rectangular opening has an adjustable length for each of long and short sides, respectively; and
wherein the short side of the rectangle opening can be set so as to parallel to a direction of the diffraction wave.
16. The system according to claim 15;
wherein the STEM further comprises a plurality of the apertures each having long and short sides, the respective long side of the apertures that have different directions each other; and
wherein an illumination aperture is able to select suitable one among the plurality of the apertures.
17. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a computer program used in an evaluating system comprising a scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM) and a computer that controls the STEM and measurement data obtained by the STEM, the computer program causing the computer to execute process of:
controlling the STEM so as to capture a transmission wave and a diffraction wave that are obtained by illuminating an electron beam to a sample having a single-crystal structure; and
mapping a strain distribution image from detected results of selected diffraction waves that are captured while scanning the sample with the electron beam.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 17;
wherein the STEM comprising an aperture including a rectangular opening having a long side; and
wherein the process of controlling the STEM includes adjusting a direction of the rectangular opening of the aperture.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An integrated chromatography-immunoassay system, comprising:
a chromatographic unit configured to receive labeled nano-structured probes comprising nano particles and antibodies attached to the nano particles;
a test membrane comprising coating antigens, wherein the chromatographic unit is configured to allow the labeled nano-structured probes to diffuse there through and into the test membrane, wherein the antibodies on the nano particles are bound to the coating antigens;
a laser device configured to emit a laser light to illuminate the labeled nano-structured probes having the antibodies bound to the coating antigens on the test membrane; and
a spectral analyzer configured to obtain a Raman spectrum from light scattered from the labeled nano-structured probes having the antibodies bound to the coating antigens on the test membrane, and to identify a spectral signature in the Raman spectrum associated with the antibody-antigen pair, which enables detection and identification of the antibody.
2. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the chromatographic unit is configured to receive a competitive antigen and to allow the competitive antigen to diffuse there through and into the test membrane, wherein the competitive antigen competes with the coating antigens to bind to the antibodies on the nano particles.
3. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the labeled nano-structured probes comprises a spectral marker attached to the nano particles or the antibodies.
4. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the antigen is selected from a group consisting of clenbuterol, nitrofurans, organic phosphorus, organochlorine, pro terephthalate, a pesticide, a rodenticide, and a veterinary drug.
5. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the antigen is selected from a group consisting of melamine, sodium cyclamate, sodium cyclohexylsulfamate, cane sugar, starch, Sudan I, II, III and IV, malachite green, methomidophos, acephate, DDT, DDV, malathion, fenitrothion, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, phosmet, dimethoate, nitrofuran, furanzolidole, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clenbuterol, and enorfloxacin.
6. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the nano particles have an average diameter in a range from 10 nm and 100 nm.
7. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the nano particles comprise a material selected from a group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, an oxide material, silicon, a polymeric material, a magnetic or ferromagnetic material, and a combination thereof, or a material selected from a group consisting of Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sn, Pd, Pt, and a combination thereof.
8. The integrated chromatography-immunoassay system of claim 1, wherein the coating antigens comprise clenbuterol, wherein the clenbuterol is bound to an OVA molecule to form an OVA-clenbuterol complex, the OVA-clenbuterol complex bound to the test membrane.
9. A method for identifying an antibody using an integrated chromatography-immunoassay system, comprising:
receiving, by a chromatographic unit, labeled nano-structured probes comprising nano particles and antibodies attached to the nano particles;
allowing the labeled nano-structured probes to diffuse through a test membrane a test membrane comprising coating antigens;
allowing the antibodies on the nano particles to bind to the coating antigens;
illuminating the labeled nano-structured probes having the antibodies bound to the coating antigens on the test membrane by a laser light;
obtaining a Raman spectrum from light scattered with a spectral analyzer from the labeled nano-structured probes having the antibodies bound to the coating antigens on the test membrane; and
identifying a spectral signature in the Raman spectrum associated with the antibody-antigen pair, which enables detection and identification of the antibody.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
receiving a competitive antigen by the chromatographic unit; and
allowing the competitive antigen to diffuse through the test membrane, wherein the competitive antigen is configured to compete with the coating antigens to bind to the antibodies on the nano particles.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the labeled nano-structured probes comprises a spectral marker attached to the nano particles or the antibodies.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the antigen is selected from a group consisting of clenbuterol, nitrofurans, organic phosphorus, organochlorine, pro terephthalate, a pesticide, a rodenticide, and a veterinary drug.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the antigen is selected from a group consisting of melamine, sodium cyclamate, sodium cyclohexylsulfamate, cane sugar, starch, Sudan I, II, III and IV, malachite green, methomidophos, acephate, DDT, DDV, malathion, fenitrothion, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, phosmet, dimethoate, nitrofuran, furanzolidole, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clenbuterol, and enorfloxacin.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the nano particles have an average diameter in a range from 10 nm and 100 nm.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the nano particles is selected from a group consisting of a material selected from a group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, an oxide material, silicon, a polymeric material, a magnetic or ferromagnetic material, and a combination thereof, or comprises a material selected from a group consisting of Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sn, Pd, Pt, and a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein the coating antigens comprise clenbuterol, wherein the clenbuterol is bound to an OVA molecule to form an OVA-clenbuterol complex, the OVA-clenbuterol complex bound to the test membrane.
17. A method for substance identification, comprising:
allowing an antibody to be adsorbed to a nano surface structure;
introducing an unknown antigen to the nano surface structure to allow the unknown antigen to bind with antibody on the nano surface structure;
illuminating, by a laser beam, the bound unknown antigen and antibody on the nano surface structure;
collecting light scattered by the bound unknown antigen and antibody on the nano surface structure;
obtaining a Raman spectrum from the light scattered by the bound unknown antigen and antibody on the nano surface structure;
finding a spectral signature associated with the bound unknown antigen and antibody in the Raman spectrum; and
identifying the unknown antigen as an antigen that matches the antibody on the nano surface structure based on the spectral signature.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of clenbuterol, nitrofurans, organic phosphorus, organochlorine, pro terephthalate, a pesticide, a rodenticide, a substance in a veterinary drug, an arsenic compound, and a cyanide.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of melamine, sodium cyclamate, sodium cyclohexylsulfamate, cane sugar, starch, nitrite, nitrate, Sudan I, II, III and IV, malachite green, methomidophos, acephate, DDT, DDV, malathion, fenitrothion, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, phosmet, dimethoate, nitrofuran, furanzolidole, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clenbuterol, and enorfloxacin.
20. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
diagnosing a disease in the person based on the identification of the unknown antigen associated with the disease.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the reagent comprises a body fluid obtained from a person.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cancer, asthma, allergy, liver cirrhosis, a failing kidney, leukemia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, diabetes, smoking addiction, arthritis, a cardiovascular disease, SARS, a flu, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
23. The method of claim 17, wherein the unknown antigen comprises an illicit drug substance selected from a group consisting of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, caffeine, morphine, codeine, amphetamine, ephedrine, papaverine, narcotine, Ketamine, and MDMA.
24. The method of claim 17, wherein the unknown antigen comprises a protein carrier and the molecule of an unknown substance bound to the protein carrier, wherein the identification of the protein carrier leads to the identification of the unknown substance.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the unknown substance comprises Ketamine or fluoroacetamide.
26. The method of claim 17, wherein the unknown antigen is extracted from a food product.
27. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying an electrical field, a magnetic field, or an electro-magnetic field to the nano surface structures when the light scattered by each of the nano surface structures is collected.
28. The method of claim 17, wherein the nano surface structure comprises nano particles having an average dimension in a range from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the nano particles comprise a material selected from a group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, an oxide material, silicon, a polymeric material, a magnetic or ferromagnetic material, and a combination thereof, or a material selected from a group consisting of Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sn, Pd, Pt, and a combination thereof.
30. The method of claim 17, wherein the nano surface structure are formed on a substrate.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the nano surface structures comprise protrusions or columns formed on an upper surface of the substrate, wherein the neighboring protrusions or columns have average distances in a range from 10 nanometers to 1000 nanometers.
32. The method of claim 30, wherein the nano surface structures comprise recesses or holes formed in an upper surface of the substrate, wherein the neighboring recesses or holes have average distances in a range from 10 nanometers to 1000 nanometers.
33. A method for substance identification, comprising:
applying a pre-treatment chemical or biological material to a nano surface structure;
introducing a reagent containing an unknown substance to the nano surface structure to allow molecules of the unknown substance to adsorb to the nano surface structure with the assistance of the pre-treatment chemical or biological material;
illuminating the nano surface structure adsorbed with molecules of the unknown substance by a laser beam;
collecting light scattered by the nano surface structure adsorbed with molecules of the unknown substance;
obtaining a Raman spectrum from the light scattered by the nano surface adsorbed with molecules of the unknown substance;
finding a spectral signature associated with the unknown substance in the Raman spectra; and
identifying the unknown substance in the reagent using the spectral signature.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the antigen comprises a protein carrier and the molecule of an unknown substance bound to the protein carrier, the method further comprising:
identifying the protein carrier based on the spectral signature, wherein the unknown substance is identified based on the identification of the protein carrier.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the unknown substance comprises Ketamine or fluoroacetamide.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein the pre-treatment chemical or biological material comprises an antibody configured to adsorb to the surfaces of the nano surface structure, wherein the unknown substance is an antigen that matches the antibody, wherein the spectral signature is associated with antigen-antibody pair adsorbed to the nano surface structure.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein the pre-treatment chemical or biological material comprises an antigen configured to adsorb to the surfaces of the nano surface structure, wherein the unknown substance is an antibody that matches the antigen, wherein the spectral signature is associated with antigen-antibody pair adsorbed to the nano surface structure.
38. The method of claim 33, wherein the nano surface structures comprise nano particles having an average dimension in a range from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm, or nano structures formed on a substrate.