1. A method of manufacturing a multi-layer structure, the method comprising:
forming a waveguide on a substrate;
forming a light coupling arrangement in the waveguide, wherein the light coupling arrangement is substantially non-wavelength selective;
forming at least one light source above the waveguide; and
forming at least one photo detector above the waveguide;
wherein the at least one light source, the at least one photo detector and the waveguide comprise organic material, and
wherein the waveguide, the light coupling arrangement, the at least one light source and the at least one photo detector are monolithically integrated.
2. The method of claim 1,
wherein the light coupling arrangement is substantially non-wavelength selective in a wavelength range from 300 nm to 1700 nm.
3. The method of claim 1,
wherein forming the light coupling arrangement comprises forming one or more first light coupling module and one or more second light coupling module.
4. The method of claim 3,
wherein forming the light coupling arrangement further comprises forming each first light coupling module below the respective light source and forming each second light coupling module below the respective photo detector.
5. The method of claim 1,
further comprising disposing the light source and the photo detector above a first surface of the waveguide.
6. The method of claim 1,
wherein forming the waveguide further comprises:
forming a first cladding layer on the substrate;
forming a core layer on the first cladding layer; and
forming a second cladding layer on the core layer.
7. The method of claim 6,
wherein the core layer, the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer comprise polymer material.
8. The method of claim 1,
wherein forming the at least one light source comprises:
depositing a transparent conductive electrode above the first surface of the waveguide;
forming a first layer on the transparent conductive electrode; and
depositing an electrical conductive electrode on the first layer.
9. The method of claim 1,
wherein forming the at least one photo detector comprises:
depositing a transparent conductive electrode above the first surface of the waveguide;
forming a second layer on the transparent conductive electrode; and
depositing an electrical conductive electrode on the first layer.
10. The method of claim 1,
further comprising forming the at least one light source and the at least one photo detector simultaneously.
11. The method of claim 8,
wherein the first layer of the at least one light source is formed by one or more of a group consisting of coating, printing, inkjet printing and physical deposition.
12. The method of claim 8,
wherein the first layer of the at least one light source comprises a stack of materials.
13. The method of claim 12,
wherein the stack of materials of the first layer comprises one or more of a group consisting of light emissive material, transparent conductive polymer, hole blocking or electron injection material, and cathode interface material.
14. The method of claim 9,
wherein the second layer of the at least one photo detector is formed by one or more of a group consisting of coating, printing, inkjet printing and physical deposition.
15. The method of claim 9,
wherein the second layer of the at least one photo detector comprises a stack of materials.
16. The method of claim 15,
wherein the stack of materials of the second layer comprises one or more of a group consisting of organic photovoltaic material, transparent conductive polymer and cathode interface material.
17. The method of claim 1,
wherein the multi-layer structure is manufactured in a batch process or in a roll-to-roll continuous process.
18. A method of manufacturing an optical sensor comprising:
forming a waveguide;
forming one or more first coupling module on the waveguide, each first coupling module being substantially non-wavelength selective over a first wavelength range;
forming one or more second coupling module on the waveguide, each second coupling module being substantially non-wavelength selective over a second wavelength range;
forming at least one light source coupled to the waveguide through the respective first coupling module; and
forming at least one photo detector coupled to the waveguide through the respective second coupling module;
wherein the one or more first and second coupling modules, the at least one light source, the at least one photo detector and the waveguide comprise an organic material; and
wherein the one or more first and second coupling modules, the at least one light source, the at least one photo detector and the waveguide are monolithically integrated.
19. The method of claim 18,
wherein forming the waveguide further comprises:
forming a first cladding layer on the substrate;
forming a core layer on the first cladding layer; and
forming a second cladding layer on the core layer.
20. The method of claim 18,
wherein forming the at least one light source comprises:
depositing a transparent conductive electrode above the first surface of the waveguide;
forming a first layer on the transparent conductive electrode; and
depositing an electrical conductive electrode on the first layer.
21. The method of claim 18,
wherein forming the at least one photo detector comprises:
depositing a transparent conductive electrode above the first surface of the waveguide;
forming a second layer on the transparent conductive electrode; and
depositing an electrical conductive electrode on the first layer.
22. The method of claim 18,
further comprising forming the at least one light source and the at least one photo detector simultaneously.
23. The method of claim 18,
wherein the optical sensor is manufactured in a batch process or in a roll-to-roll continuous process.
24. The method of claim 18,
wherein the optical sensor is manufactured as a biosensor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for using a link management interface to distribute routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information in a communications network, comprising:
given a link management protocol message configured for exchange over a local link management interface, adding one or more extension fields to the link management protocol message, the one or more extension fields related to one or more of routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information;
exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over the local link management interface such that the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information is not exchanged between the neighboring nodes via a routing protocol comprising open shortest path first; and
operating the communications network utilizing the link management protocol message for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information instead of utilizing the routing protocol therefor, wherein the communications network utilizes periodic link management protocol messages between neighboring nodes verifying link connectivity in the communications network without flooding advertisements for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information;
wherein the link management protocol message is configured to exchange information only over a local link with the one or more extension fields comprising topology information of the communications network including network type, a list of all nodes in the communications network, and costs or weights between the nodes.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring networks.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring sub-networks.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise a transport network element and a client device that are directly connected by a control link.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over the local link management interface comprises exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over one of an in-band control channel and an out-of-band control network.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises topology information used for path computation including one or more of least-cost path computation, optimal entry point computation, and failure circumvention computation.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises reachability information including client addresses reachable across a given link.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields obviates the need for using full routing protocol messages.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields comprises initializing the link management protocol and thereafter exchanging periodic \u201chello\u201d messages to verify that link connectivity is still available.
10. A method for using a link management interface to distribute routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information in a communications network, comprising:
given a link management protocol message configured for exchange over a local link management interface, adding one or more extension fields to the link management protocol message, the one or more extension fields related to one or more of routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information;
exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over the local link management interface such that the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information is not exchanged between the neighboring nodes via a routing protocol comprising open shortest path first; and
operating the communications network utilizing the link management protocol message for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information instead of utilizing the routing protocol therefor, wherein the communications network utilizes periodic link management protocol messages between neighboring nodes verifying link connectivity in the communications network without flooding advertisements for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information;
wherein the one or more extension fields comprise additional parameters that are exchanged during configuration by extending an object class name space associated with the one or more extension fields, the link management protocol message built using objects, each object identified by a class and a class type;
wherein the link management protocol message is configured to exchange information only over a local link with the one or more extension fields comprising topology information of the communications network including network type, a list of all nodes in the communications network, and costs or weights between the nodes.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring networks.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring sub-networks.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise a transport network element and a client device that are directly connected by a control link.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over the local link management interface comprises exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over one of an in-band control channel and an out-of-band control network.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises topology information used for path computation including one or more of least-cost path computation, optimal entry point computation, and failure circumvention computation.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises reachability information including client addresses reachable across a given link.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields obviates the need for using full routing protocol messages.
18. The method of claim 10, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields comprises initializing the link management protocol and thereafter exchanging periodic \u201chello\u201d messages to verify that link connectivity is still available.
19. A system for using a link management interface to distribute routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information in a communications network, comprising:
a link management protocol message configured for exchange over a local link management interface including one or more extension fields to the link management protocol message, the one or more extension fields related to one or more of routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information; and
means for exchanging the link management protocol message and the one or more extension fields between neighboring nodes over the local link management interface such that the routing, topology, reachability, andor and recovery information is not by necessity exchanged between the neighboring nodes via a routing protocol comprising open shortest path first;
wherein the communications network utilizes the link management protocol message for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information instead of utilizing the routing protocol therefor, and wherein the communications network utilizes periodic link management protocol messages between neighboring nodes verifying link connectivity in the communications network without flooding advertisements for routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information;
wherein the link management protocol message is configured to exchange information only over a local link with the one or more extension fields comprising topology information of the communications network including network type, a list of all nodes in the communications network, and costs or weights between the nodes.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring networks.
21. The system of claim 19, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise border nodes associated with two neighboring sub-networks.
22. The system of claim 19, wherein the neighboring nodes comprise a transport network element and a client device that are directly connected by a control link.
23. The system of claim 19, wherein the local link management interface comprises one of an in-band control channel and an out-of-band control network.
24. The system of claim 19, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises topology information used for path computation including one or more of least-cost path computation, optimal entry point computation, and failure circumvention computation.
25. The system of claim 19, wherein the routing, topology, reachability, and recovery information comprises reachability information including client addresses reachable across a given link.
26. The system of claim 19, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields obviates the need for using full routing protocol messages.
27. The system of claim 19, wherein the use of the link management protocol message including the one or more extension fields comprises initializing the link management protocol and thereafter exchanging periodic \u201chello\u201d messages to verify that link connectivity is still available.