1. A process comprising:
(a) solution depositing a composition comprising a liquid and a plurality of metal nanoparticles with a stabilizer on a substrate to result in a deposited composition; and
(b) heating the deposited composition to cause the metal nanoparticles to form an electrically conductive layer of an electronic device, wherein one or more of the liquid, the stabilizer, and a decomposed stabilizer is optionally part of the electrically conductive layer but if present is in a residual amount.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is chemically bonded to the metal nanoparticles.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is physically attached to the metal nanoparticles.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the heating causes the metal nanoparticles to coalesce to form the electrically conductive layer.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the heating causes the metal nanoparticles to achieve particle-to-particle contact to form the electrically conductive layer.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles consist of a single metal.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein the single metal is Al, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, Co, In or Ni.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are a metal composite.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the metal composite is Au\u2014Ag, Au\u2014Cu, Ag\u2014Cu, Au\u2014Ag\u2014Cu, or Au\u2014Ag\u2014Pd.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal particles are a single metal or a metal composite selected from transition metals.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution depositing is accomplished by solution printing.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution depositing is accomplished by solution coating.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is an organic stabilizer.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is a thiol or an amine.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of a thiol, a dithiol, an amine, a diamine, a carboxylic acid, a carboxylate, a polyethylene glycol, a pyridine derivative, an organophosphine, and a mixture thereof.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is flexible.
18. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is plastic.
19. The process of claim 1, wherein the heating temperature is from about 50 to about 250 degrees C.
20. The process of claim 1, wherein the heating temperature is from about 50 to about 150 degrees C.
21. The process of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive layer has a conductivity of more than about 0.1 Scm.
22. The process of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive layer has a conductivity of more than about 100 Scm.
23. The process of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive layer has a conductivity of more than about 500 Scm.
24. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles consists of a single metal of gold and the stabilizer is a thiol.
25. A process comprising:
(a) solution printing a composition comprising a liquid and a plurality of coinage metal containing nanoparticles with a stabilizer on a plastic substrate to result in a deposited composition; and
(b) heating the deposited composition to cause the coinage metal containing nanoparticles to coalesce to form an electrically conductive layer of an electronic device, wherein one or more of the liquid, the stabilizer, and a decomposed stabilizer is optionally part of the electrically conductive layer but if present is in a residual amount.
26. An apparatus comprising:
(a) a substrate
(b) a deposited composition comprising a liquid and a plurality of metal nanoparticles with a covalently bonded stabilizer.
27. An electronic device comprising:
(a) a substrate
(b) an electrically conductive layer comprising coalesced metal nanoparticles and a residual amount of one or both of a stabilizer and a decomposed stabilizer as part of the electrically conductive layer.
28. A thin film transistor comprising:
(a) an insulating layer;
(b) a gate electrode;
(c) a semiconductor layer;
(d) a source electrode; and
(e) a drain electrode,
wherein the insulating layer, the gate electrode, the semiconductor layer, the source electrode, and the drain electrode are in any sequence as long as the gate electrode and the semiconductor layer both contact the insulating layer, and the source electrode and the drain electrode both contact the semiconductor layer, and
wherein at least one of the source electrode, the drain electrode, and the gate electrode comprise coalesced coinage metal containing nanoparticles and a residual amount of one or both of a stabilizer and a decomposed stabilizer.
29. The thin film transistor of claim 28 having an onoff ratio greater than about 102.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A digital image processing apparatus comprising:
a monitor which displays an image;
a moving picture reading section which reads out moving picture data recorded on a recording medium;
a storage section which stores still image data obtained from read moving picture data, the still image data having a number of still image frames;
a display controller which displays on the monitor a specified number of still image frames of the still image data;
an image designating section which allows an operator to designate a still image frame for print among the specified number of still image frames; and
an image outputter which outputs still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame as print data.
2. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moving picture data is recorded in a compression format on the recording medium, further comprising an image converting section which converts read moving picture data into still image data having a number of still image frames, and the storage section stores converted still image data having a number of still image frames.
3. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the display controller displays a specified number of still image frames arranged in time series on the monitor at one time.
4. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the display controller displays each still image frame in a state of the image data amount thereof being reduced.
5. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein:
the storage section includes:
a first unit for storing a first type of converted still image data which has been processed with data reduction, the first type of converted still image data being used for display; and
a second unit for storing a second type of converted still image data which has not been processed with data reduction, the second type of converted still image data being used for print; and
the image outputter outputs the second type of converted still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame to a printer.
6. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a storage controlling section which controls a specified number of still image frames so as to be stored in the memory while every a certain number of still image frames are removed based on the size of the moving picture data.
7. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the display controller displays a specified number of still image frames stored in the memory while a certain number of still image frames being removed.
8. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a print mode designating section which provides the operator with selective designation of a first print mode of printing all the still image frames displayed on the monitor and a second print mode of printing a particular single still image frame among the still image frames displayed on the monitor, wherein the image designating section includes an image searching portion for retrieving a particular still image frame among the still image frames when the second print mode is designated.
9. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the image searching portion has a plural enlargement displayer displays a set of a certain number of still image frames at an enlarged size, and an enlargement feeder for feeding still image frames for the plural enlargement display.
10. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the image searching portion includes a single enlargement displayer displays a specified one of the certain number of still image frames on the plural enlargement display at a larger size than the size of the plural enlargement display, and a single enlargement feeder for feeding still image frames for the single enlargement display.
11. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the display controller displays on the monitor a single still image frame at one time.
12. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the display controller displays on the monitor a single still image frame every a certain number of still image frames in a direction of time series.
13. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the display controller displays a still image frame in a state of the image data amount thereof being reduced.
14. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein:
the storage section includes:
a first unit which stores a first type of converted still image data which has been processed with data reduction, the first type of converted still image data being used for display; and
a second unit for storing a second type of converted still image data which has not been processed with data reduction, the second type of converted still image data being used for print; and
the image outputter outputs the second type of converted still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame to a printer.
15. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a storage controlling section which controls a specified number of still image frames so as to be stored in the memory while every a certain number of still image frames is removed based on the size of the moving picture data, and the display controller displays the specified number of still image frames frame by frame.
16. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a storage controlling section which controls a specified number of still image frames so as to be stored in the memory while every a certain number of still image frames is removed based on the size of the moving picture data, and the display controller displays the specified number of still image frames every a certain number of still image frames.
17. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the image outputter includes:
a output mode designating section which allows the operator to selectively designate a first output mode of printing a designated still image frame on print paper, and a second output mode of recording image data of a designated still image frame on an external recording medium; and
a data writing section which records the designated still image frame for print on an external recording medium when the second output mode is designated.
18. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display controller displays a specified number of still image frames arranged in a time series on the monitor at one time.
19. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display controller displays on the monitor a single still image frame at one time.
20. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the display controller displays on the monitor a single still image frame every a certain number of still image frames in a direction of time series.
21. The digital image processing apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the display controller displays a still image frame in a state of the image data amount thereof being reduced.
22. A method for processing digital image, comprising the steps of:
reading out moving picture data recorded on a recording medium;
obtaining still image data from read moving picture data, the still image data having a number of still image frames;
storing obtained still image data having a number of still image frames in a memory;
displaying on a monitor a specified number of still image frames of the still image data;
allowing an operator to designate a still image frame for print among the specified number of still image frames; and
outputting still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame as print data.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the moving picture data is recorded in a compression format on the recording medium, and wherein in the step of obtaining still image data, read moving picture data is converted into still image data having a number of still image frames.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, a specified number of still image frames arranged in time series are displayed on the monitor at one time.
25. The method according to claim 23, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, a single still image frame is displayed on the monitor at one time.
26. The method according to claim 25, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, s single still image frame is displayed on the monitor every a certain number of still image frames in a direction of time series.
27. The method according to claim 25, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, a still image frame is displayed in a state of the image data amount thereof being reduced.
28. The method according to claim 23, wherein in the step of storing still image data, two types of converted still image data are stored in different memory units respectively, one type of converted still image having been processed with data reduction and being used for display, and the other type of converted still image data having not been processed with data reduction and being used for print.
29. The method according to claim 22, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, a specified number of still image frames arranged in time series are displayed on the monitor at one time.
30. The method according to claim 22, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, a single still image frame is displayed on the monitor at one time.
31. The method according to claim 22, wherein in the step of displaying still image frames, s single still image frame is displayed on the monitor every a certain number of still image frames in a direction of time series.
32. A program product comprising:
a program configured to process digital image by the steps of:
reading out moving picture data recorded on a recording medium;
obtaining still image data from read moving picture data, the still image data having a number of still image frames;
storing obtained still image data having a number of still image frames in a memory;
displaying on a monitor a specified number of still image frames of the still image data;
allowing an operator to designate a still image frame among the specified number of still image frames; and
outputting still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame as print data; and
a signal bearing media bearing the program.
33. The program product according to claim 32, wherein the signal bearing media includes at least one of a transmission-type media and a recordable media.
34. A digital image printing system comprising:
a monitor which displays an image;
a moving picture reading section which reads out moving picture data recorded on a recording medium;
a storage section which stores still image data obtained from read moving picture data, the still image data having a number of still image frames;
a display controller which displays on the monitor a specified number of still image frames of the still image data;
an image designating section which allows an operator to designate a still image frame for print among the specified number of still image frames;
an image outputter which outputs still image data corresponding to the designated still image frame as print data; and
a printer which print the designated still image frame on print paper based the outputted print data.
35. The digital image printing system according to claim 34, wherein the moving picture data is recorded in a compression format on the recording medium, further comprising an image converting section which converts read moving picture data into still image data having a number of still image frames, and the storage section stores converted still image data having a number of still image frames.
36. The digital image printing system according to claim 35, wherein the display controller displays a specified number of still image frames arranged in time series on the monitor at one time.
37. The digital image printing system according to claim 35, wherein the display controller displays on the monitor a single still image frame at one time.