1. An electronic value exchange system for implementing an exchange of electronic values stored in a first storage device of a first communication terminal and in a second storage device of a second communication terminal, respectively,
the first communication terminal comprising:
output means for acquiring condition information containing a first condition for a first electronic value as an exchange object on the first communication terminal, and a second condition for a second electronic value as an exchange object on the second communication terminal, and for outputting the condition information to the first storage device; and
transmitting means for transmitting offer information containing the condition information and a first random number generated by the first storage device, to the second communication terminal;
the second communication terminal comprising:
determining means for determining the first and second electronic values as exchange objects, using the condition information contained in the offer information transmitted by the transmitting means;
the second storage device comprising:
generating means for performing:
generation of session information from a second random number generated by the second storage device;
generation of agreement object information from the first and second electronic values and the first random number; and
generation of a first electronic signature from first signature object information using the session information and the agreement object information; and
managing means for deleting the second electronic value;
the second communication terminal further comprising:
transmitting means for transmitting agreement information containing the first signature object information, the first electronic signature, and the first and second electronic values, to the first communication terminal;
the first communication terminal further comprising:
verifying means for verifying the agreement information and for outputting the agreement information as confirmation request information to the first storage device;
the first storage device further comprising:
authenticating means for performing an authentication of the second storage device, based on whether the first electronic signature and the agreement object information contained in the confirmation request information satisfy a predetermined condition;
generating means for, when the authentication is successfully done, generating a second electronic signature from second signature object information using the session information and sending a first confirmation information containing the session information and the second electronic signature, to the second storage device; and
managing means for deleting the first electronic value when the authentication is successfully done;
the second storage device further comprising:
authenticating means for performing an authentication of the first storage device, based on whether the second electronic signature and the session information satisfy a predetermined condition, out of the first confirmation information containing the session information and the second electronic signature;
wherein the managing means makes the first electronic value stored in storage means when the authentication is successfully done;
wherein the transmitting means of the second communication terminal transmits second confirmation information containing the second random number to the first communication terminal;
wherein the authenticating means of the first storage device performs an authentication of the second storage device, based on whether the second random number contained in the second confirmation information is one corresponding to the session information of the first signature object information contained in the confirmation request information; and
wherein the managing means of the first storage device makes the second electronic value stored in storage means when the authentication is successfully done.
2. The electronic value exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined condition in the authentication by the authenticating means of the first storage device is a condition including at least that the first electronic signature is a regular signature for the first signature object information and that the agreement object information is one corresponding to the first and second electronic values and the first random number; and
wherein the predetermined condition in the authentication by the authenticating means of the second storage device is a condition including at least that the second electronic signature is a regular signature for the second signature object information and that the session information is one corresponding to the second random number.
3. The electronic value exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second communication terminals are portable terminals, and
wherein the first and second storage devices are IC cards.
4. An electronic value exchange method of implementing an exchange of electronic values stored in a first storage device of a first communication terminal and in a second storage device of a second communication terminal, respectively, the electronic value exchange method comprising the following steps:
letting the first communication terminal execute:
a step of acquiring condition information containing a first condition for a first electronic value as an exchange object on the first communication terminal and a second condition for a second electronic value as an exchange object on the second communication terminal, and outputting the condition information to the first storage device; and
a step of transmitting offer information containing the condition information and a first random number generated by the first storage device, to the second communication terminal;
letting the second communication terminal execute:
a step of determining first and second electronic values as exchange objects, using the condition information contained in the transmitted offer information;
letting the second storage device execute:
a step of performing:
generation of session information from a second random number generated by the second storage device;
generation of agreement object information from the first and second electronic values and the first random number; and
generation of a first electronic signature from first signature object information using the session information and the agreement object information; and
a step of deleting the second electronic value;
letting the second communication terminal execute:
a step of transmitting agreement information containing the first signature object information, the first electronic signature, and the first and second electronic values to the first communication terminal;
letting the first communication terminal execute:
a step of verifying the agreement information and outputting the agreement information as confirmation request information to the first storage device;
letting the first storage device execute:
a step of performing an authentication of the second storage device, based on whether the first electronic signature and the agreement object information contained in the confirmation request information satisfy a predetermined condition;
a step of, when the authentication is successfully done, generating a second electronic signature from the second signature object information using the session information and sending a first confirmation information containing the session information and the second electronic signature, to the second storage device; and
a step of deleting the first electronic value when the authentication is successfully done;
letting the second storage device execute:
a step of performing an authentication of the first storage device, based on whether the second electronic signature and the session information satisfy a predetermined condition, out of the first confirmation information containing the session information and the second electronic signature; and
a step of storing the first electronic value when the authentication is successfully done;
letting the second communication terminal execute a step of transmitting second confirmation information containing the second random number to the first communication terminal;
letting the first storage device execute a step of performing an authentication of the second storage device, based on whether the second random number contained in the second confirmation information is one corresponding to the session information of the first signature object information contained in the confirmation request information; and
letting the first storage device execute a step of storing the second electronic value when the authentication is successfully done.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for electrolytic deposition of bronze onto a substrate, the method comprising:
immersing a substrate in an aqueous acidic electrolyte containing:
a) tin ions;
b) copper ions;
c) an alkylsulfonic acid; and
d) a nonionic wetting agent selected from the group consisting of aliphatic nonionic wetting agents, substituted dithioglycols, and combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkylsulfonic acid is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of from 140 to 382 gL of electrolyte.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkylsulfonic acid comprises methanesulfonic acid in a concentration of at least about 290 gL.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further contains an oxidation inhibitor.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further contains a dihydroxybenzene compound as an oxidation inhibitor.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the bronze deposited onto the substrate comprises at least about 60% by weight Cu.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the nonionic wetting agent is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of from about 2 to about 40 gL.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein tin methanesulfonate is present in the electrolyte in an amount of from about 5 to about 195 gL of electrolyte, thereby providing the tin ions at a concentration of from about 2 to about 75 gL of electrolyte.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein copper methanesufonate is present in the electrolyte in an amount of from about 8 to about 280 gL of electrolyte, thereby providing the copper ions at a concentration of from about 2 to about 70 gL of electrolyte.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte has a pH of less than about 1.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the nonionic wetting agent comprises an aliphatic fatty alcohol ethoxylate.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the nonionic wetting agent comprises the substituted dithioglycols.
13. An aqueous acidic electrolyte containing:
a) tin ions;
b) copper ions;
c) an alkylsulfonic acid; and
d) a nonionic wetting agent selected from the group consisting of aliphatic nonionic wetting agents, substituted dithioglycols, and combinations thereof.
14. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the alkylsulfonic acid is present at a concentration of from about 140 to about 382 gL of electrolyte.
15. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the alkylsulfonic acid comprises methanesulfonic acid in a concentration of at least about 290 gL.
16. The electrolyte of claim 13 further containing an oxidation inhibitor.
17. The electrolyte of claim 13 further containing a dihydroxybenzene compound as an oxidation inhibitor.
18. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the nonionic wetting agent is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of from about 2 to about 40\xa0gL of electrolyte.
19. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the tin ions are present at a concentration of from about 2 to about 75 gL of electrolyte, and the copper ions are present at a concentration of from about 2 to about 70 gL of electrolyte.
20. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the aliphatic nonionic wetting agent comprises an aliphatic fatty alcohol ethoxylate.
21. The electrolyte of claim 13 wherein the nonionic wetting agent is the substituted dithioglycol.
22. The electrolyte of claim 21 wherein the substituted dithioglycol is selected from the group consisting of Thiobis(diethyleneglycol), Thiobis(hexaethylene glycol), Thiobis(pentadecaglycelol), Thiobis(icosaethyleneglycol), Thiobis(pentacontaethyleneglycol), 4,10-dioxa-7-thiatridecane-2,12-diol, Thiodiglycerin, Thiobis(triglycerin), 2,2′-Thiodibutanolbis(octaethyleneglycolpentaglycerol) ether, Thiobis(octaethyleneglycol)bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, Thiobis(decaethyleneglycol)bis(carboxymethyl)ether, Thiobis(dodecaethyleneglycol)bis(2-nitroethyl)ether, Thiodiglycolbis(carboxymethyl)ether, Dithiodiglycolbis(carboxymethyl)ether, Thiobis(dodecaethyleneglycol), Dithiobis(hentetracontaethyleneglycol), Dithiobis(icosaethyleneglycolpentapropyleneglycol), Dithiobis(triglycerol), Dithiobis(decaglycelol), 3,6-Dithiaoctane-1,8-diol, 1,3-Propanedithiolbis(decaethyleneglycol)thioether, 1,4-Buthanedithiolbis(pentadecaglycerol)thioether, 1,3-Dithioglycerolbis(pentaethyleneglycol)thioether, 1,2-Ethanedithiolbis(penta(1-ethyl)ethyleneglycol)thioether, 1,3-Dithioglycerolbis(di(1-ethyl)ethyleneglycol)thioether,2-Mercaptoethylsulfide bis(hexatriacontaethylene-glycol), 2-Mercaptoethylsulfidebis(icosaethyleneglycol)di-methylether, 2-Mercaptoethyletherbis(diethyleneglycol), Thiodiglyceroltetra(decaethyleneglycol)ether,Diethyleneglycolmonomethylthioether, Decaglycerolmono(6-methylthiohexyl)thioether, 2-Mercaptoethylsulfide-\u03c9-{(2-bromoethyl) icosaethyleneglycol}thioether-\u03c9′-{(2-bromoethyl) hectaethyleneglycol}thioether, 1,4-Butanediol-\u03c9-{(2-benzyloxy-1-methyl)ethyl}thioether-\u03c9′-(de capropyleneglycoloctacontaethyleneglycol)thioether, Dithiobis(icosaethyleneglycol)bis(2-methyl-thioethyl)ether, 1,2-Ethanediol-\u03c9-(4-methoxybenzyl)thioether-\u03c9′-(pentacontaethyleneglycol)thioether, Triacontaethyleneglycolmono(4-cyanobenzyl)thioether, Thiobis(pentadecaethyleneglycol)bisallylether, Tricosaethyleneglycolmono(4-formylphenetyl)thioether, Pentadecaethyleneglycolmono{(acetylmethyl)thioethyl}thioether, 1,2-Ethanediol-\u03c9-(glycidyl)thioether-\u03c9′-icosaethyleneglycolthioether, Octadecaethyleneglycolbis(2-methylthioethyl)ether, Hexadecaethyleneglycolmono(2-ethylthioethyl)thioether, Icosaethyleneglycolmonomethylthioether, Undecaethyleneglycoldi(n-propyl)thioether, Dodecaethyleneglycolbis(2-hydroxyethyl)thioether, Undecaethyleneglycoldimethylthioether, Pentatriacontaethyleneglycolmono(2-n-butyldithioethyl)dithioether, 4,8,12-trithiapentadecane-1,2,6,10,14,15-hexaol, Icosaglycerolmono(2-ethylthioethyl)thioether, Triacontaethyleneglycolmono(2-methylthioethyl)thioether, Dithiobis(icosaethyleneglycol)dibenzylether, Tridecaethyleneglycolmonomethylthioether, Hexadecaethyleneglycol dimethylthioether, 1,2-Ethanedithiolbis(icosaethyleneglycol)thioether, Dithiobis(pentadecaethyleneglycol), 3,3′-thiodipropanol, and combinations thereof.
23. The electrolyte of claim 13 further containing a gluconate.
24. The electrolyte of claim 13 further containing hydroquinone.
25. The electrolyte of claim 13 having a pH of less than 1.
26. An aqueous acidic electrolyte containing:
a) divalent tin ions at a concentration of from about 2 to about 75 gL of electrolyte;
b) divalent copper ions at a concentration of from about 2 to about 70 gL of electrolyte;
c) an aromatic, nonionic wetting agent at a concentration of from about 2 to about 40 gL of electrolyte;
d) a stabilizer, complexing agent, or mixture thereof at a concentration of less than about 50 gL of electrolyte;
e) a wetting agent selected from the group consisting of an anionic wetting agent, a nonionic, aliphatic wetting agent, and mixtures thereof at a concentration of less than about 10 gL of electrolyte;
f) an oxidation inhibitor at a concentration of less than about 5 gL of electrolyte;
g) a brightener at a concentration of less than about 5 gL of electrolyte; and
h) an alkylsulfonic acid at a concentration of at least about 140 gL of electrolyte.
27. The electrolyte of claim 26 wherein the alkylsulfonic acid comprises methanesulfonic acid in a concentration of at least about 290 gL.