1. A fuel cell, comprising:
a fuel electrode;
an oxidant electrode;
a fuel supply port; and
a porous material layer for transferring a liquid fuel from the fuel supply port to the fuel electrode;
wherein the porous material layer has different values of at least one of a porosity, a permeability and a tortuosity factor depending on the distance of a site of the porous material layer from at least one of the fuel supply port and the fuel electrode.
2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members, and at least one of the porous material members is arranged in contact with the fuel electrode; and
the farther from the fuel supply port, the higher value of at least one of the porosity and the permeability of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode or the lower value of the tortuosity factor of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode.
3. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer contains particles having a diameter d, and the relationship between the diameter d of the particle and at least one of the porosity and the permeability of the porous material layer satisfies formula (1) given below:
d
=
C
\xd7
K
\u2061
(
1
–
\u025b
)
2
\u025b
3
(
1
)
where d denotes the particle diameter, \u03b5 denotes the porosity, K denotes the permeability, and C denotes a proportional constant falling within a range of between the proportional constant of Carman-Kozeny formula and the proportional constant of Blake-Kozeny formula including the proportional constant of Carman-Kozeny formula and the proportional constant of Blake-Kozeny formula.
4. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a laminate prepared by stacking a plurality of porous material members, at least one of the porous material members having different values of at least one of the porosity, the permeability and the tortuosity factor from the other porous material members, and having the thickness to be gradually increased or decreased depending on the distance from the fuel supply port.
5. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members, and the thickness of at least one of the porous material members is gradually decreased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port.
6. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a laminate prepared by stacking a first porous material member having the thickness gradually increased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port, and a second porous material member smaller than the first porous material member in at least one of the porosity and the permeability, and having the thickness gradually decreased with increase in the distance of a site of the second porous material member from the fuel supply port.
7. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members differing from each other in at least one of the porosity, the permeability and the tortuosity factor, and these porous material members are arranged along the fuel electrode in the order of the value of the porosity, the permeability or the tortuosity factor such that, the farther from the fuel supply port, the higher value of at least one of the porosity and the permeability of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode or the lower value of the tortuosity factor of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode.
8. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members, and the contact area of at least one of the porous material members with the adjacent porous material member is increased with increase in the distance of a site of the porous material layer from the fuel supply port.
9. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members and at least one shielding member, and the shielding member is arranged between the porous material members such that the area of the surface of at least one of the porous material members on the side of the fuel electrode is gradually increased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port.
10. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members and at least one shielding member, and the porous material members are inserted into through-holes open in the shielding member such that the open area per unit area of the porous material layer is increased with increase in the distance of a site of the shielding member from the fuel supply port.
11. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members and a plurality of shielding members, and the shielding members are inserted into through-holes open in the porous material member such that the open area per unit area of the porous material layer is decreased with increase in the distance of a site of the porous material member from the fuel supply port.
12. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer is compressed at least partially.
13. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a porous material member that is compressed such that the compression ratio is decreased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port.
14. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the porous material layer includes a porous material member having a tortuosity factor of 1.
15. A fuel cell, comprising:
a fuel electrode;
an oxidant electrode;
a fuel supply port; and
first and second porous material layers for transferring a liquid fuel from the fuel supply port to the fuel electrode;
wherein:
the first porous material layer has different values of at least one of a porosity, a permeability and a tortuosity factor depending on the distance of a site of the first porous material layer from at least one of the fuel supply port and the fuel electrode; and
the second porous material layer is formed of a single porous material member.
16. The fuel cell according to claim 15, wherein the first porous material layer is arranged in contact with the fuel electrode.
17. The fuel cell according to claim 15, wherein the first porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members differing from each other in at least one of the porosity, the permeability and the tortuosity factor, and these porous material members are arranged along the fuel electrode in the order of the value of the porosity, the permeability or the tortuosity factor such that, the farther from the fuel supply port, the higher value of at least one of the porosity and the permeability of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode or the lower value of the tortuosity factor of the porous material member in contact with the fuel electrode.
18. The fuel cell according to claim 15, wherein the first porous material layer includes a laminate prepared by stacking a first porous material member having the thickness gradually increased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port, and a second porous material member smaller than the than the first porous material member in at least one of the porosity and the permeability, and having the thickness gradually decreased with increase in the distance of a site of the second porous material member from the fuel supply port.
19. The fuel cell according to claim 15, wherein the first material layer includes a shielding member, porous material members inserted into through-holes open in the shielding member such that the open area per unit area of the first porous material layer is increased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port, and a compressed porous material member that is compressed such that the compression ratio is decreased with increase in the distance from the fuel supply port.
20. A fuel cell, comprising:
a fuel electrode;
an oxidant electrode;
a fuel supply port; and
first and second porous material layers for transferring a liquid fuel from the fuel supply port to the fuel electrode;
wherein:
the first porous material layer is formed of a single porous material member; and
the second porous material layer includes a plurality of porous material members, and the contact area of at least one of the porous material members with the first porous material layer is increased with increase in the distance of a site of the second porous material layer from the fuel supply port.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of indicating a position of a steerable wheel of a vehicle comprising:
providing a wheel position indicator having an on state and an off state, the wheel position indicator providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the on state, the wheel position indicator not providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the off state;
placing the wheel position indicator into the on state when the vehicle is in a predetermined driving condition; and
placing the wheel position indicator into the off state when the vehicle is not in the predetermined driving condition.
2. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the predetermined driving condition is an off road driving condition.
3. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the predetermined driving condition occurs when the steerable wheel has a slip angle above or equal to a predetermined amount.
4. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel includes a display mechanically connected to a steering column of the vehicle.
5. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, further including:
determining a position of the steering column.
6. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the visual indication includes a digital display.
7. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes an angle of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
8. The method of indicating the position of the steerable wheel of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes a left or a right position of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
9. A wheel position indication system for a vehicle, comprising:
a steerable wheel;
a wheel position indicator having an on state and an off state, the wheel position indicator providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the on state, the wheel position indicator not providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the off state;
a controller selectively altering the wheel position indicator between the on state and the off state;
wherein the controller places the wheel position indicator into the on state when the vehicle is in an off road condition and places the wheel position indicator into the off state when the vehicle is not in the off road condition.
10. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 9, wherein:
the visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel includes a display mechanically connected to a steering column of the vehicle.
11. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 9, further including:
a shutter wheel having apertures adjacent a periphery of the shutter wheel, the shutter wheel being adapted to be connected to a steering column;
wherein the controller communicates with sensors reading light emitted through the apertures of the shutter wheel to determine the position of the steerable wheel.
12. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 9, wherein:
the visual indication includes a digital display.
13. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 9, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes an angle of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
14. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 9, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes a left or a right position of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
15. A wheel position indication system for a vehicle, comprising:
a steerable wheel;
a wheel position indicator having an on state and an off state, the wheel position indicator providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the on state, the wheel position indicator not providing a visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel when the wheel position indicator is in the off state;
a controller selectively altering the wheel position indicator between the on state and the off state;
wherein the controller places the wheel position indicator into the on state when the steerable wheel has a slip angle above or equal to a predetermined amount and places the wheel position indicator into the off state when the steerable wheel has a slip angle below the predetermined amount.
16. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 15, wherein:
the visual indication of the position of the steerable wheel includes a display mechanically connected to a steering column of the vehicle.
17. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 15, further including:
a shutter wheel having apertures adjacent a periphery of the shutter wheel, the shutter wheel being adapted to be connected to a steering column;
wherein the controller communicates with sensors reading light emitted through the apertures of the shutter wheel to determine the position of the steerable wheel.
18. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 15, wherein:
the visual indication includes a digital display.
19. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 15, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes an angle of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
20. The wheel position indication system for the vehicle of claim 15, wherein:
the position of the steerable wheel includes a left or a right position of the steerable wheel relative to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle.