1. A contour extraction apparatus extracting at least one contour of a target object from images obtained by an image pickup of the target object by cameras, the contour extraction apparatus comprising:
a node locator locating a plurality of nodes on a periphery of a region, which includes the target object, within the image;
a contour deformation unit deforming the contour, which is formed by connecting nodes at a predetermined connection order, by shifting the position of each node to the position where a predefined energy function becomes minimum;
an internode distance calculator measuring internode distances about all combination of nodes constituting the contour excepting the internode distance between adjacent nodes; and
a connection creator creating a connection line to divide the contour when a combination of nodes whose internode distance is below a first threshold value exists, wherein
the connection line connects one of nodes in the combination with the node adjacent to the other node in the combination,
the node adjacent to the other node is the node being positioning upstream or downstream in the predetermined connection order with respect to the other node, and
the first threshold value is determined in accordance with the distance to the target object.
2. A contour extraction apparatus for extracting at least one contour of a target object from images obtained by an image pickup of the target object by cameras, the contour extraction apparatus comprising:
a node locator locating a plurality of nodes on a periphery of a region, which includes the target object, within the image:
a contour deformation unit deforming the contour, which is formed by connecting nodes at a predetermined connection order, by shifting the position of each node to the position where a predefined energy function becomes minimum;
an internode distance calculator measuring internode distances about all combination of nodes constituting the contour excepting the internode distance between adjacent nodes; and
a connection creator creating a connection line to divide the contour when a combination of nodes whose internode distance is below a first threshold value exists, wherein
the connection line connects one of nodes in the combination with the node adjacent to the other node in the combination,
the node adjacent to the other node is the node being positioning upstream or downstream in the predetermined connection order with respect to the other node, and
the first threshold value is determined in accordance with the distance to the target object and is set large as the distance to the target object becomes short.
3. A contour extraction apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising:
a target region determination unit determining the region, which includes pixels of the target object, as a target region based on distance information, motion information, and edge information, each information is generated for the target object from the image, wherein
the node locator locates a plurality of nodes on a periphery of the target region determined by the target region determination unit.
4. A contour extraction apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
the target region determination unit: detects as a target distance the distance wherein a total number of pixel in which motion has been detected exceeds a second threshold value; obtains edge information of pixels corresponding to the image within a region which has a predetermined depth in a fore-and-rear direction from the target distance; and determines the target region based on a centerline, the center line is a pixel array in which a total number of pixels corresponding to an edge is maximum, the pixel corresponding to the edge is searched based on edge information.
5. A contour extraction apparatus according to claim 4 wherein
the target region determination unit establishes as the target region the rectangular region which has 2 meter height and has 50 centimeter width in a left-and-right direction from the centerline.
6. A contour extraction apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
the target region determination unit terminates the establishment of new target region, when a predetermined number of contours have been established or when new target region cannot be detected.
7. A contour extraction apparatus according to 6, wherein
the target region determination unit determines new target region from the region other than the region from which the contour has been extracted and the region which has been judged as the region the target object is not in.
8. A contour extraction apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
the target region determination unit establishes the target region further using color information obtained from the camera.
9. A method for extracting at least one contour of a target object from images obtained by an image pickup of the target object by cameras, the method comprising the steps of:
a node locating step locating a plurality of nodes on a periphery of a region, which includes the target object, within the image;
a contour deforming step deforming the contour, which is formed by connecting nodes at a predetermined connection order, by shifting the position of each node to the position where a predefined energy function becomes minimum;
an internode distance calculating step measuring internode distances about all combination of nodes constituting the contour excepting the internode distance between adjacent nodes; and
a connection creating step creating a connection line to divide the contour when a combination of nodes whose internode distance is below a first threshold value exists, wherein
the connection line connects one of nodes in the combination with the node adjacent to the other node in the combination,
the node adjacent to the other node is the node being positioning upstream or downstream in the predetermined connection order with respect to the other node, and
the first threshold value is determined in accordance with the distance to the target object.
10. A computer program encoded on a computer-readable medium for extracting at least one contour of a target object from images obtained by an image pickup of the target object by cameras, the program controlling the functions comprising:
a node locator locating a plurality of nodes on a periphery of a region, which includes the target object, within the image;
a contour deformation unit deforming the contour, which is formed by connecting nodes at a predetermined connection order, by shifting the position of each node to the position where the predefined energy function becomes minimum;
an internode distance calculator measuring internode distances about all combination of nodes constituting the contour excepting the internode distance between adjacent nodes; and
a connection creator creating a connection line to divide the contour when a combination of nodes whose internode distance is below a first threshold value exists, wherein
the connection line connects one of nodes in the combination with the node adjacent to the other node in the combination,
the node adjacent to the other node is the node being positioning upstream or downstream in the predetermined connection order with respect to the other node, and
the first threshold value is determined in accordance with the distance to the target object.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for clutch braking in a multi-speed transmission, comprising:
a prime mover;
a transmission system comprising,
a first stage and a second stage, said first stage comprising at least two range clutches and said second stage comprising at least two direction clutches, wherein one of said range clutches and one of said direction clutches are kinematically locked and at least one other range clutch is slipped and at least one other direction clutch is slipped to brake said transmission system;
an output shaft connected to said second stage; and
a torque converter connecting said prime mover and said transmission.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said direction clutches comprise at least one forward clutch and at least one reverse clutch.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said direction clutches comprise at least one forward clutch and said at least one reverse clutch and wherein said forward clutch is kinematically locked with one of said range clutches and said reverse clutch and at least one of said other range clutches are slipped to brake said transmission system.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said prime mover is an internal combustion engine that is de-throttled to provide braking to said transmission system through said torque converter.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said directional clutches have a higher heat absorbing capacity and a higher heat removing capacity than said range clutches.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one selectively operated pump in fluid communication with at least said directional clutches provides lubricating fluid to said clutches.
7. An apparatus for clutch braking in a multi-speed transmission, comprising:
a prime mover;
a transmission system comprising,
a first stage and a second stage, said first stage comprising at least two range clutches and said second stage comprising at least two direction clutches, wherein at least two of said range clutches are locked together and said directional clutches are slipped about said range clutches to brake said transmission system;
an output shaft connected to said second stage; and
a torque converter connecting said prime mover and said transmission.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein at least two of said range clutches are locked together so that relative motion between them is zero.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein any combination of said range clutches can be locked together.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said directional clutches comprise at least one forward clutch and at least one reverse clutch which are both slipped about said at least two locked range clutches to brake said transmission system.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said directional clutches have a higher heat absorbing capacity and a higher heat removing capacity than said range clutches.
12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein at least one selectively operated pump in fluid communication with at least said directional clutches provides lubricating fluid to said clutches.
13. An apparatus for clutch braking in a multi-speed transmission, comprising:
a prime mover;
a transmission system comprising,
a first stage and a second stage, said first stage comprising at least two range clutches and said second stage comprising at least two direction clutches, wherein said range clutches are opened and one of said directional clutches is locked, and the remaining direction clutches are slipped to brake said transmission system;
an output shaft connected to said second stage; and
a torque converter connecting said prime mover and said transmission.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the smallest of the at least three direction clutches is locked.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein a forward direction clutch is locked while at least a reverse direction clutch is slipped.
16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said torque converter remains open.
17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said prime mover is an internal combustion engine that operates independently of said transmission system.
18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein all of said direction clutches are slipped to brake said transmission system.
19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein at least one selectively operated pump in fluid communication with at least said directional clutches provides lubricating fluid to said clutches.