1. A vehicle system for control of vehicle safety parameters, the system being arranged to determine a closing velocity between a host vehicle exterior portion and an external object, or a part thereof, in a road environment where the host vehicle and the external object approach each other, the system comprising:
image capturing means arranged at a first position of the host vehicle, the image capturing means being arranged to detect a field of view in a first direction and an extension of the external object, or a part thereof, in the field of view;
processing means arranged to estimate a time to collision between the first position and the external object, or the part thereof, from a change of ratio between the field of view and the extension of the external object, or the part thereof; and
a sensor arrangement arranged to detect a collision between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object;
wherein the processing means further are arranged to determine a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or the part thereof, for each of a plurality of time instances by dividing a distance between the first position and the host vehicle exterior portion by the estimated time to collision between the first position and the external object, or the part thereof, and the vehicle system is arranged to control one or more vehicle safety parameters as a function of a determined closing velocity.
2. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the processing means are arranged to use a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or a part thereof, determined within a predefined time from a collision detected by the sensor arrangement between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or a part thereof, for control of the one or more safety parameters.
3. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the processing means are arranged to use a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or a part thereof, determined within a predefined time before a collision detected by the sensor arrangement between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or a part thereof, for control of the one or more safety parameters.
4. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the processing means are arranged to use a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object determined immediately after a collision detected by the sensor arrangement between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object for control of the one or more vehicle safety parameters.
5. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least one of an accelerometer, a sensor arranged to detect direct pressure and a sensor arranged to detect pressure change in a tube or cavity.
6. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the processing means are arranged to compensate a signal from a sensor in the sensor arrangement based on at least one of a sensor position, a sensor type, a signal velocity and a signal characteristic.
7. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the processing means and the image capturing means comprise object recognition software for allowing the image capturing means to detect visible parts, details, or contours of the external object.
8. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the processing means and the image capturing means comprise object recognition software for allowing the image capturing means to detect a spatial relation or change of spatial relation between visible parts, details, or contours of the external object.
9. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the vehicle system is configured such that an image analysis of the field of view is restricted to a horizontal portion of the field of view, the restriction being based on an estimated distance between the host vehicle and the external object.
10. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the vehicle system is arranged to control at least one occupant restraint system parameter.
11. The vehicle system according to claim 1 wherein the vehicle system is arranged to control an airbag-related parameter andor a safety belt related parameter.
12. A vehicle comprising the vehicle system for control of vehicle safety parameters according to claim 1.
13. A method for controlling vehicle safety parameters, the method comprising:
detecting a field of view in a first direction and an extension of an external object, or a part thereof, in the field of view;
estimating a time to collision between image capturing means in a first position of a host vehicle and the external object, or a part thereof, from a change of ratio between the field of view and the extension of the external object, or the part thereof;
determining a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or the part thereof, for each time instance by dividing a distance between the first position and the host vehicle exterior portion by the estimated time to collision between the first position and the external object, or the part thereof; and
controlling one or more vehicle safety parameters as a function of the determined closing velocity.
14. The method for controlling vehicle safety parameters according to claim 13 comprising using a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or the part thereof, determined within a predefined time from a detected collision between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object for controlling of the one or more safety parameters.
15. A vehicle system for control of vehicle safety parameters, the system being arranged to determine a closing velocity between a host vehicle exterior portion and an external object, or a part thereof, in a road environment where the host vehicle and the external object approach each other, the system comprising:
a camera arranged at a first position of the host vehicle, the camera being arranged to detect a field of view in a first direction and an extension of the external object, or a part thereof, in the field of view; and
one or more processors arranged to estimate a time to collision between the first position and the external object, or the part thereof, from a change of ratio between the field of view and the extension of the external object, or the part thereof;
wherein the one or more processors are further arranged to determine a closing velocity between the host vehicle exterior portion and the external object, or the part thereof, for each of a plurality of time instances by dividing a distance between the first position and the host vehicle exterior portion by the estimated time to collision between the first position and the external object, or the part thereof, and the vehicle system is arranged to control one or more vehicle safety parameters as a function of a determined closing velocity.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of producing single crystal silicon by the Czochralski process, comprising
producing single crystal silicon having relatively low resistivity by controlling a height of a solid-liquid interface when the single crystal silicon is pulled up.
2. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 8-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing P and Ge added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (1) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(1.235\xd71013)x3\u2212(1.310\xd71015)x2+(4.356\xd71018)x+2.715\xd71020\u2003\u2003(1)
3. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 6-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing P and Ge added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (2) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(2.042\xd71014)x3\u2212(4.674\xd71014)x2+(4.242\xd71018)x+3.107\xd71020\u2003\u2003(2)
4. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 8-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing P added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (3) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(1.235\xd71013)x3\u2212(1.310\xd71015)x2+(4.356\xd71018)x+2.715\xd71020\u2003\u2003(3)
5. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 6-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing P added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (4) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(2.042\xd71014)x3\u2212(4.674\xd71014)x2+(4.242\xd71018)x+3.107\xd71020\u2003\u2003(4)
6. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 8-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing As added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (5) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(4.273\xd71012)x3\u2212(1.978\xd71014)x2+(8.134\xd71017)x+5.008\xd71019\u2003\u2003(5)
7. A method of producing single crystal silicon, comprising
controlling, when a single crystal silicon having 6-inch diameter is pulled up from a molten silicon containing As added thereto, the height x of a solid-liquid interface such that x satisfies the formula (6) below regarding resistivity y of the single crystal silicon.
y\u2266(4.009\xd71013)x3\u2212(8.890\xd71012)x2+(7.934\xd71017)x+5.740\xd71019\u2003\u2003(6)
8. A method of producing single crystal silicon of claim 1, further comprising
controlling the height of a solid-liquid interface by adjusting at least one of a rotational rate of crystal, a rotational rate of a crucible, and strength of magnetic field applied to a molten silicon during a pulling-up operation of the crystal.