1. A wastewater recycling system, comprising:
a) a biological reactor, the biological reactor comprising an anaerobic chamber, an anoxic chamber, and an aerobic chamber;
b) a lift station comprising a pump, wherein the lift station is operatively connected to the biological reactor to receive biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor and pump the biologically treated liquid from the lift station;
c) a filtration subsystem, operatively connected to the lift station, that receives and filters the biologically treated liquid pumped by the lift station, the filtration subsystem comprising:
i) a salt-rejecting membrane filter comprising a concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the wastewater recycling system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the wastewater recycling system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter; and
d) a post-filtration subsystem operatively connected to receive salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, wherein the post-filtration subsystem comprises a water disinfection system that disinfects the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate thereby generating potable water.
2. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein said point along the wastewater recycling system is downstream of the anaerobic chamber, the anoxic chamber, and the aerobic chamber.
3. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein the salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate is recirculated to the lift station.
4. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein:
i) the anaerobic chamber is operatively connected to supply liquid to the anoxic chamber, and the anaerobic chamber is adapted for anaerobically treating wastewater within the anaerobic chamber,
ii) the anoxic chamber is operatively connected to receive liquid from both of the anaerobic chamber and the aerobic chamber, wherein the anoxic chamber is adapted for anoxically treating the liquid received from both of the anaerobic chamber and the aerobic chamber within the anoxic chamber thereby biologically removing nitrates from the liquid treated within the anoxic chamber,
iii) the aerobic chamber is operatively connected to recirculate aerobically treated liquid to the anoxic chamber, and
iv) the anoxic chamber and the aerobic chamber include sludge return conduits respectively connected to transport sludge from the anoxic and aerobic chambers to the anaerobic chamber.
5. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein the water disinfection system comprises an advanced oxidation system operatively connected to receive the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, wherein the advanced oxidation system produces hydroxyl radicals within the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate.
6. The wastewater recycling system of claim 5, wherein the advanced oxidation system is configured to add an oxidizing agent to the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, and the advanced oxidation system comprises an ultraviolet light generator that irradiates the oxidizing agent within the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate.
7. The wastewater recycling system of claim 6, wherein the ultraviolet light generator comprises a 185 nm lamp.
8. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises:
ii) a chemical cleaning system operatively connected to the salt-rejecting membrane filter and configured to expose the salt-rejecting membrane filter to a cleaning solution, thereby producing a cleaning waste liquid, and wherein the filtration subsystem comprises a waste conduit operatively connected to recirculate the cleaning waste liquid to the biological reactor for biological treatment in the biological reactor.
9. The wastewater recycling system of claim 8, wherein the cleaning solution is acidic and comprises citric acid and a biodegradable detergent.
10. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises:
ii) a preliminary membrane filter operatively connected to the salt-rejecting membrane filter so as to supply preliminary membrane filter permeate to the salt-rejecting membrane filter for further filtering by the salt-rejecting membrane filter, wherein the preliminary membrane filter comprises another concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate preliminary membrane filter concentrate to said or another point along the wastewater recycling system.
11. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the preliminary membrane filter concentrate is recirculated to the lift station.
12. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises:
iii) an adsorbent, operatively connected between the preliminary membrane filter and the salt-rejecting membrane filter so as to receive the preliminary membrane filter permeate, wherein the adsorbent adapted for removing organic molecules from the preliminary membrane filter permeate prior to filtration of the preliminary membrane filter permeate by the salt-rejecting membrane filter.
13. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the salt-rejecting membrane filter comprises a nanofilter.
14. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the salt-rejecting membrane filter comprises a reverse osmosis device.
15. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the preliminary membrane filter comprises an ultrafilter.
16. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the preliminary membrane filter comprises a microfilter.
17. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises:
iii) a salt removal device operatively connected to receive the salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate, wherein the salt removal device is adapted to remove salts from the salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate.
18. The wastewater recycling system of claim 10, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises:
iii) an electrochemical device operatively connected along the salt concentration loop, wherein the electrochemical device removes salts from a flow stream through the salt concentration loop.
19. The wastewater recycling system of claim 1, wherein the biological reactor comprises a biologically-active tertiary filter operatively connected to receive aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber, and the tertiary filter filters and biologically treats the aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber, and wherein the biological reactor comprises a tertiary filter backwash conduit operatively connected to recirculate tertiary filter backwash to the anaerobic chamber.
20. A method of recycling wastewater through a system comprising a biological reactor, a lift station, and a salt-rejecting membrane filter, wherein the biological reactor comprises an anaerobic chamber, an anoxic chamber, and an aerobic chamber, the method comprising the steps of:
biologically treating the wastewater in the biological reactor, thereby generating biologically treated liquid;
pumping the biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor by the lift station;
filtering the biologically treated liquid through a salt-rejecting membrane filter;
recirculating salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter; and
disinfecting salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate thereby generating potable water.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said point along the system is downstream of the anaerobic chamber, the anoxic chamber, and the aerobic chamber.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate is recirculated to the lift station.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein the system further comprises a potable water storage tank, the method further comprising the step of storing the potable water in the potable water storage tank.
24. The method of claim 20, further comprising the steps of:
transferring liquid from the anaerobic chamber into the anoxic chamber;
recirculating liquid from the aerobic chamber into the anoxic chamber;
anoxically treating liquid in the anoxic chamber thereby biologically removing nitrates from the liquid treated within the anoxic chamber;
aerobically treating liquid within the aerobic chamber; and
transferring sludge from both of the anoxic chamber and the aerobic chamber into the anaerobic chamber.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the aerobic chamber is a second aerobic chamber, the biological reactor further comprising a first aerobic chamber, the method further comprising the steps of:
transferring liquid from the anoxic chamber into the first aerobic chamber;
transferring liquid from the first aerobic chamber into the second aerobic chamber; and
transferring sludge from the first aerobic chamber to the anaerobic chamber.
26. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of disinfecting the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate comprises generating hydroxyl radicals within the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of disinfecting the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate comprises adding an oxidizing agent to the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate and irradiating the oxidizing agent in the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate with ultraviolet light.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein total organic carbon in the potable water is less than 150 \u03bcgL.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein total organic carbon in the potable water is less than 100 \u03bcgL.
30. The method of claim 20, further comprising the steps of:
chemically cleaning the salt-rejecting membrane filter with an acidic solution, thereby producing a cleaning waste liquid; and
recirculating the cleaning waste liquid to the biological reactor for biological treatment in the biological reactor.
31. The method of claim 20, further comprising the steps of:
filtering the biologically treated liquid through a preliminary membrane filter prior to filtering the biologically treated liquid through the salt-rejecting membrane filter; and
recirculating preliminary membrane filter concentrate to said or another point along the system.
32. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of removing, by an adsorbent, organic molecules from preliminary membrane filter permeate prior to filtration of the preliminary membrane filter permeate by the salt-rejecting membrane filter.
33. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of removing, by an electrochemical device, salts from a flow stream through the salt concentration loop.
34. The method of claim 20, wherein at least 80% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein at least 90% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein at least 95% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
37. A wastewater recycling system, comprising:
a) a biological reactor, the biological reactor comprising an anaerobic chamber, an anoxic chamber, and an aerobic chamber;
b) a filtration subsystem, operatively connected to the biological reactor, that receives and filters biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor, the filtration subsystem comprising a preliminary membrane filter, a salt-rejecting membrane filter, and a chemical cleaning system, wherein:
i) the preliminary membrane filter is operatively connected to the salt-rejecting membrane filter so as to supply preliminary membrane filter permeate to the salt-rejecting membrane filter for further filtering by the salt-rejecting membrane filter, and
ii) the chemical cleaning system is operatively connected to at least one of the preliminary membrane filter and the salt-rejecting membrane filter, and configured to expose the at least one of the preliminary membrane filter and the salt-rejecting membrane filter to a cleaning solution, thereby producing a cleaning waste liquid, and wherein the filtration subsystem comprises a waste conduit operatively connected to recirculate the cleaning waste liquid to the biological reactor for biological treatment in the biological reactor; and
c) a post-filtration subsystem operatively connected to receive salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, wherein the post-filtration subsystem comprises a water disinfection system that disinfects the salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate thereby generating potable water.
38. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the cleaning solution is acidic.
39. The wastewater recycling system of claim 38, wherein the cleaning solution comprises citric acid and a biodegradable detergent.
40. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the cleaning solution is alkaline.
41. The wastewater recycling system of claim 40, wherein the cleaning solution comprises a biodegradable detergent.
42. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the post-filtration subsystem comprises a potable water storage tank storing the potable water, wherein the wastewater recycling system is configured to back flush the preliminary membrane filter with the potable water from the potable water storage tank, and recirculate back flush water to the biological reactor through said or another waste conduit.
43. The wastewater recycling system of claim 42, wherein the cleaning waste liquid and the back flush water are recirculated to the anaerobic chamber of the biological reactor.
44. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises an adsorbent, operatively connected between the preliminary membrane filter and the salt-rejecting membrane filter so as to receive the preliminary membrane filter permeate, wherein the adsorbent removes organic molecules from the preliminary membrane filter permeate prior to filtration of the preliminary membrane filter permeate by the salt-rejecting membrane filter.
45. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the filtration subsystem further comprises a salt removal device operatively connected to receive salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate, wherein the salt removal device is adapted to remove salts from the salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate.
46. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, further comprising a salt concentration loop, wherein salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate is recirculated within the wastewater recycling system through the salt concentration loop, the wastewater recycling system further comprising an electrochemical device operatively connected along the salt concentration loop, wherein the electrochemical device removes salts from a flow stream through the salt concentration loop.
47. The wastewater recycling system of claim 37, wherein the preliminary membrane filter comprises one of a microfilter and an ultrafilter.
48. A method of recycling wastewater through a system comprising a biological reactor, a preliminary membrane filter, and a salt-rejecting membrane filter, wherein the biological reactor comprises an anaerobic chamber, an anoxic chamber, and an aerobic chamber, the method comprising the steps of:
biologically treating the wastewater in the biological reactor, thereby generating biologically treated liquid;
filtering the biologically treated liquid through the preliminary membrane filter and then through the salt-rejecting membrane filter;
chemically cleaning at least one of the preliminary membrane filter and the salt-rejecting membrane filter with a cleaning solution, thereby producing a cleaning waste liquid;
recirculating the cleaning waste liquid to the biological reactor for biological treatment in the biological reactor; and
disinfecting salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate thereby generating potable water.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the cleaning solution comprises citric acid and a biodegradable detergent.
50. The method of claim 48, wherein the system further comprises a potable water storage tank, the method further comprising the step of storing the potable water in the potable water storage tank.
51. The method of claim 50, further comprising the steps of:
back flushing the preliminary membrane filter with potable water from the potable water storage tank; and
recirculating back flush water to the biological reactor for biological treatment in the biological reactor.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the cleaning waste liquid and the back flush water are recirculated to the anaerobic chamber of the biological reactor.
53. The method of claim 48, further comprising the step of removing, by an adsorbent, organic molecules from preliminary membrane filter permeate prior to filtration of the preliminary membrane filter permeate by the salt-rejecting membrane filter.
54. The method of claim 48, further comprising the steps of:
recirculating salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter; and
removing, by an electrochemical device, salts from a flow stream through the salt concentration loop.
55. The method of claim 48, wherein at least 80% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein at least 90% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein at least 95% of the wastewater is recycled into potable water.
58. A multi-chambered biological reactor tank for biologically treating wastewater, comprising:
an anaerobic chamber;
an anoxic chamber;
an aerobic chamber; and
a biologically-active tertiary filter; wherein:
i) the anaerobic chamber is operatively connected to supply liquid to the anoxic chamber, and the anaerobic chamber is adapted for anaerobically treating wastewater within the anaerobic chamber,
ii) the anoxic chamber is operatively connected to receive liquid from both of the anaerobic chamber and the aerobic chamber, wherein the anoxic chamber is adapted for anoxically treating the liquid received from both of the anaerobic chamber and the aerobic chamber within the anoxic chamber thereby biologically removing nitrates from the liquid treated within the anoxic chamber,
iii) the aerobic chamber is operatively connected to recirculate aerobically treated liquid to the anoxic chamber,
iv) the anoxic chamber and the aerobic chamber include sludge return conduits respectively connected to transport sludge from the anoxic and aerobic chambers to the anaerobic chamber, and
v) the tertiary filter is operatively connected to receive aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber, and the tertiary filter is adapted to filter and biologically treat the aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber.
59. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, wherein the tertiary filter comprises a ceramic filtration media.
60. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, further comprising an air scour subsystem that performs a subsurface air scour of the tertiary filter.
61. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, further comprising an air-lift pump configured to recirculate the aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber to the anoxic chamber.
62. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, further comprising a lift station chamber comprising a pump configured to pump tertiary filter filtrate out of the biological reactor tank.
63. The wastewater recycling system of claim 62, wherein the biological reactor further comprises a tertiary filter backwash conduit operatively connected to recirculate tertiary filter backwash to the anaerobic chamber.
64. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, wherein the anaerobic chamber comprises a submersible pump that transfers liquid from the anaerobic chamber to the anoxic chamber.
65. The multi-chambered biological reactor tank of claim 58, wherein:
vi) the aerobic chamber is a second aerobic chamber,
vii) the biological reactor tank further comprises a first aerobic chamber,
viii) the anoxic chamber is operatively connected to supply liquid to the first aerobic chamber,
ix) the first aerobic chamber is operatively connected to supply liquid to the second aerobic chamber, and
x) the first aerobic chamber includes a further sludge return conduit connected to transport sludge from the first aerobic chamber to the anaerobic chamber.
66. A method of treating wastewater in a multi-chambered biological reactor tank, the multi-chambered biological reactor tank comprising an anaerobic chamber, an anoxic chamber, an aerobic chamber, and a biologically-active tertiary filter, the method comprising the steps of:
anaerobically treating the wastewater in the anaerobic chamber;
transferring liquid from the anaerobic chamber into the anoxic chamber;
recirculating liquid from the aerobic chamber into the anoxic chamber;
anoxically treating liquid in the anoxic chamber thereby biologically removing nitrates from the liquid treated within the anoxic chamber;
aerobically treating liquid within the aerobic chamber;
transferring sludge from both of the anoxic chamber and the aerobic chamber into the anaerobic chamber;
transferring aerobically treated liquid from the aerobic chamber to the tertiary filter; and
filtering and biologically treating the aerobically treated liquid in the tertiary filter.
67. The method of claim 66, wherein the multi-chambered biological reactor tank further comprises a lift station chamber and a tertiary filter chamber, the method further comprising the steps of:
transferring tertiary filter filtrate from the tertiary filter chamber to the lift station chamber; and
pumping the tertiary filter filtrate in the lift station chamber out of the biological reactor tank.
68. The method of claim 67, wherein nitrogen concentration in the tertiary filter filtrate is not greater than 10 mgL.
69. The method of claim 66, further comprising the steps of:
backwashing the tertiary filter; and
recirculating tertiary filter backwash to the anaerobic chamber.
70. The method of claim 66, wherein the aerobic chamber is a second aerobic chamber, the multi-chambered biological reactor tank further comprising a first aerobic chamber, the method further comprising the steps of:
transferring liquid from the anoxic chamber into the first aerobic chamber;
transferring liquid from the first aerobic chamber into the second aerobic chamber; and
transferring sludge from the first aerobic chamber to the anaerobic chamber.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of a transmission station (STA) transmitting a frame in a Wide Local Area Network (WLAN) system, the method comprising:
transmitting a Direct Link Setup (DLS) request frame, requesting direct link setup with a destination STA, to an Access Point (AP); and
receiving a DLS response frame from the AP in response to the DLS request frame,
wherein the DLS request frame comprises an Association ID (AID) allocated from the AP to the transmission STA in a process of the transmission STA being associated with the AP.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the DLS response frame comprises an AID of the destination STA.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
generating a Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) to be transmitted to the destination STA;
generating a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) by attaching a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) header to the MPDU; and
transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA through the direct link set up in the process of transmitting the DLS request frame and receiving the DLS response frame.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the PLCP header comprises a partial AID of the destination STA.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the partial AID of the destination STA is obtained from the AID of the destination STA.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein:
a length of the AID of the destination STA is 16 bits, and
the partial AID of the destination STA is set to 9 bits of a low order from among the 16 bits of the AID.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the PLCP header comprises a DLS transmission indicator, indicating that the PPDU is DLS-transmitted to the destination STA.
8. A method of a transmission station (STA) transmitting a frame in a WLAN system, the method comprising:
generating an MPDU to be transmitted to a destination STA;
generating a PPDU by attaching a PLCP header to the MPDU; and
transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA,
wherein the PLCP header comprises first transmission information and second transmission information.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the first transmission information comprises a partial AID of the transmission STA, and
the partial AID is set as some of bit streams having a specific bit size in a bit sequence forming the AID of the transmission STA.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second transmission information is set as one or more bits of the remaining bit streams other than the partial AID in the bit sequence forming the AID of the transmission STA.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the first transmission information comprises transmission type indication information to the destination STA, and
the second transmission information comprises STA identification (ID) information for the transmission STA or the destination STA.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein when the transmission type indication information indicates broadcast, the STA ID information comprises an ID of the transmission STA.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein when the transmission STA is an AP, the ID of the transmission STA is a Basic Service Set (BSS) ID of a BSS based on the AP.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein:
when the transmission type indication information indicates uplink (UL) transmission, the STA ID information comprises an ID of the destination STA, and
the ID of the destination STA comprises an ID of an AP with which the transmission STA is associated.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the ID of the AP is a BSS ID of a BSS based on the AP.
16. A transmission STA operated in a WLAN system, comprising:
a transceiver configured to transmit or receive a PPDU; and
a processor functionally coupled to the transceiver,
wherein the processor is configured to transmit a DLS request frame, requesting direct link setup with a destination STA, to an AP and to receive a DLS response frame from the AP in response to the DLS request frame, and
the DLS request frame comprises an AID allocated from the AP to the transmission STA in a process of the transmission STA being associated with the AP.