1. A method of producing a toner for developing an electrostatic image comprising:
preparing toner particles that comprise at least a binder resin and a colorant, and adding at least two groups of inorganic fine particles to the toner particles, at least two of the groups differing in average primary-particle diameter, wherein at least one group (1) having a larger average primary-particle diameter than another group (2) is added to the toner particles in an aqueous medium that comprises a surfactant having a polarity which is opposite the polarity of a polar group attached to a surface of the toner particles, wherein
the at least one group (1) has a primary particle diameter of 50 nm to 300 nm, and the another group (2) has a primary particle diameter of 5 nm to 30 nm; and
Xa is 0.5% by mass to 6.0% by mass, and Xb is 0.2% by mass to 5.0% by mass, wherein Xa and Xb are the contents of the groups (1) and (2) inorganic fine particles in the toner, respectively.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the surfactant amount is 0.01 to 1% by mass based on the solid content of the toner particles.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein an alcohol is added to the aqueous medium in an amount to provide dispersibility of the toner particles in the aqueous medium.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the toner particles are prepared by a suspension polymerization process.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the toner particles are prepared by an emulsion polymerization flocculation process.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous medium comprises water alone or in combination with an organic solvent that is miscible with water.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the aqueous medium comprises water alone.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the aqueous medium comprises water in combination with an organic solvent that is miscible with water.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the surfactant is an anionic surfactant.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the surfactant is a cationic surfactant.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the surfactant is an amphoteric surfactant.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein the surfactant has the formula
13. The method of claim 1 wherein group (1) has a primary particle diameter of 80 nm to 200 nm.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein group (1) has a primary particle diameter of 100 nm to 150 nm.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein Xa is 0.5% by mass to 3.0% by mass.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein group (2) has a primary particle diameter of 10 nm to 20 nm.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein Xb is 0.5% by mass to 2.0% by mass.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic fine particles of groups (1) and (2) are silica.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic fine particles of groups (1) and (2) have been surface treated to render them hydrophobic.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of displaying organized search results, the method comprising:
determining a first query based on a user context, the user context including data indicative of text being accessed by a user, the first query being different than the user context;
receiving a first plurality of search results from a first search engine, the first plurality of search results being based on the first query;
comparing data indicative of the first plurality of search results to data indicative of the user context to determine a first plurality of organization schemes, the first plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the first plurality of search results into at least two genres; and
generating a display indicative of an organized list of search results based on the first plurality of organization schemes.
2. The method of claim 1, including:
determining a second query from the user context;
receiving a second plurality of search results from a second different search engine, the second plurality of search results being based on the second query;
comparing data indicative of the second plurality of search results to the data indicative of the user context to determine a second plurality of organization schemes, the second plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into the at least two genres,
wherein generating data indicative of the organized list of search results is further based on the second plurality of organization schemes.
3. The method of claim 2, including combining at least a portion of the first plurality of search results with at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into a ranked list of search results.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the user context is based on data indicative of at least one task in which the user is engaged out of a plurality of possible user tasks.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a number of words in the text being accessed by the user, and (b) a number of sentences in the text being accessed by the user.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the user context is based on at least five of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the user context is based on (a) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user and (b) a type associated with a computer application
9. The method of claim 1, including receiving a plurality of result models from the first search engine, the plurality of result models including a plurality of terms associated with the first plurality of search results and a plurality weights associated with the plurality of terms.
10. The method of claim 9, including comparing data indicative of the plurality of result models to data indicative of the user context to determine the first plurality of scores associated with the first plurality of search results.
11. An apparatus for displaying organized search results, the apparatus comprising:
a processor;
a memory device operatively coupled to the processor;
a user input device operatively coupled to the processor;
a network device operatively coupled to the processor; and
a display device operatively coupled to the processor; wherein the memory device stores a software program to cause the processor to:
determine a first query based on a user context, the user context including data indicative of text being accessed by a user in response to inputs entered via the user input device, the first query being different than the user context;
receive a first plurality of search results from a first search engine via the network device, the first plurality of search results being based on the first query;
compare data indicative of the first plurality of search results to data indicative of the user context to determine a first plurality of organization schemes, the first plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the first plurality of search results into at least two genres; and
generate a display via the display device indicative of an organized list of search results based on the first plurality of organization schemes.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the software program causes the processor to:
determine a second query from the user context;
receive a second plurality of search results from a second different search engine, the second plurality of search results being based on the second query;
compare data indicative of the second plurality of search results to the data indicative of the user context to determine a second plurality of organization schemes, the second plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into the at least two genres,
wherein generating data indicative of the organized list of search results is further based on the second plurality of organization schemes.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the software program causes the processor to combine at least a portion of the first plurality of search results with at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into a ranked list of search results.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the user context is based on data indicative of at least one task in which the user is engaged out of a plurality of possible user tasks.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a number of words in the text being accessed by the user, and (b) a number of sentences in the text being accessed by the user.
16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the user context is based on at least five of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the user context is based on (a) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user and (b) a type associated with a computer application
19. The apparatus of claim 11, including receiving a plurality of result models from the first search engine, the plurality of result models including a plurality of terms associated with the first plurality of search results and a plurality weights associated with the plurality of terms.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the software program causes the processor to compare data indicative of the plurality of result models to data indicative of the user context to determine the first plurality of scores associated with the first plurality of search results.
21. A computer readable medium storing a software program to cause a computing device to:
determine a first query based on a user context, the user context including data indicative of text being accessed by a user in response to inputs entered via the user input device, the first query being different than the user context;
receive a first plurality of search results from a first search engine via the network device, the first plurality of search results being based on the first query;
compare data indicative of the first plurality of search results to data indicative of the user context to determine a first plurality of organization schemes, the first plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the first plurality of search results into at least two genres; and
generate a display via the display device indicative of an organized list of search results based on the first plurality of organization schemes.
22. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the software program is structured to cause the computing device to:
determine a second query from the user context;
receive a second plurality of search results from a second different search engine, the second plurality of search results being based on the second query;
compare data indicative of the second plurality of search results to the data indicative of the user context to determine a second plurality of organization schemes, the second plurality of organization schemes grouping at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into the at least two genres,
wherein generating data indicative of the organized list of search results is further based on the second plurality of organization schemes.
23. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the software program is structured to cause the computing device to combine at least a portion of the first plurality of search results with at least a portion of the second plurality of search results into a ranked list of search results.
24. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the user context is based on data indicative of at least one task in which the user is engaged out of a plurality of possible user tasks.
25. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a number of words in the text being accessed by the user, and (b) a number of sentences in the text being accessed by the user.
26. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the user context is based on at least one of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
27. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the user context is based on at least five of (a) a location of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (b) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user, (c) a presence of at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (d) an absence of the at least one specified word in the text being accessed by the user, (e) metadata attributes of at least a portion of the text being accessed by the user, (f) a field presented by a computer application, (g) an attribute of information being presented in the computer application, (h) an element of the computer application visible to the user, (i) a document genre, (j) a document type, (k) a type associated with the computer application, (l) a method by which the user is accessing the computer application, (m) a role in an organization, (n) a type of the organization, (o) a property of the organization, (p) a stage in a task, (q) a stage in a workflow, (r) a type of task being supported by the computer application, (s) a stage in a task being executed by the computer application, (t) a pervious user behavior, (u) a topical area of interest, (v) a proportion of hyperlinked text to non-hyperlinked text, and (w) an average sentence length in the text being accessed by the user.
28. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the user context is based on (a) a style of the at least one predetermined word in the text being accessed by the user and (b) a type associated with a computer application
29. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the software program is structured to cause the computing device to receive a plurality of result models from the first search engine, the plurality of result models including a plurality of terms associated with the first plurality of search results and a plurality weights associated with the plurality of terms.
30. The computer readable medium of claim 29, wherein the software program is structured to cause the computing device to compare data indicative of the plurality of result models to data indicative of the user context to determine the first plurality of scores associated with the first plurality of search results.