1. An ion mobility spectrometer with an ion source and a mobility analyzer, the ion source comprising:
a first ionization region which is fluidly coupled to a sample source,
a second ionization region which is spatially separated from the first ionization region and fluidly coupled to a calibrant reservoir, and
an ion transfer system that controls the transfer of ions from one ionization region to the other andor from at least one ionization region to a third region of the ion source, wherein the third region is fluidly coupled to the first and second ionization regions and located closer to the mobility analyzer than the first and second ionization regions.
2. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the first ionization region, the second ionization region and the mobility analyzer are arranged in series.
3. The ion mobility analyzer according to claim 2, wherein the mobility analyzer comprises a drift tube which is separated from the second ionization region by a shutter gate and further comprises a gas flow system that directs a gas flow from the drift tube through the second ionization region towards the first ionization region.
4. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 3, wherein an X-ray tube is located on the front side of the ion source such that radiation is emitted and passes through the first and the second ionization region along the axis of the drift tube.
5. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 3, wherein a radioactive source is located in the first and second ionization region.
6. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the ion transfer control system controls the transfer of calibrant ions from the second ionization region to the third region.
7. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the ion transfer system comprises at least one of a Bradbury-Nielson gate, a single aperture electrode, and a grid electrode.
8. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the ion transfer system comprises an ion gating element located at the exit of at least one of the first and second ionization regions.
9. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the ion transfer system comprises multiple aperture electrodes located along at least one of the first and second ionization regions for generating an electrical drift field therein.
10. The ion mobility spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the calibrant reservoir is filled with at least one of a dicarboxylic acid and chlorovanilin.
11. A method for calibrating the mobility axis of an ion mobility spectrum acquired in an ion mobility spectrometer with an ion source and a mobility analyzer, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a gas-phase substance from a sample source to a first ionization region of the ion source and a gas-phase calibrant to a second ionization region of the ion source, wherein the first and the second ionization regions are spatially separated;
(b) switching an electric potential applied to at least one electrode of the first ionization region to inhibit the transfer of sample ions from the first ionization region to one of the second ionization region and a third region of the ion source located closer to the mobility analyzer than the first and second ionization regions;
(c) acquiring a mobility spectrum of calibrant ions generated in the second ionization region wherein the mobility spectrum comprises substantially no signals of sample ions generated in the first ionization region; and
(d) determining a calibration function for the mobility axis from at least one signal of a calibrant ion species and the known mobility of the calibrant ion species.
12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
switching said electric potential to release ions from the first ionization region into the third region;
acquiring a mobility spectrum comprising signals of calibrant and sample ions; and
determining the mobility characteristic for at least one measured sample ion using the calibration function.
13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:
switching the electric potential applied to the at least one electrode of the first ionization region to release ions from the first ionization region into the third region;
switching an electric potential applied to at least one electrode of the second ionization region such that the transfer of ions from the second ionization region into the third region of the ion source is inhibited;
acquiring a mobility spectrum comprising signals of sample ions only; and
determining the mobility characteristic for at least one measured sample ion using the calibration function.
14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the signal position of at least one reactant ion species generated in the second ionization region is utilized to adjust the calibration function with regard to the humidity of the gas in the mobility analyzer.
15. A method for calibrating the mobility axis of an ion mobility spectrum acquired in an ion mobility spectrometer having an ion source and a mobility analyzer, comprising the steps:
(a) providing a gas-phase substance from a sample source to a first ionization region of the ion source and a gas-phase calibrant to a second ionization region of the ion source, wherein the first and the second ionization region are spatially separated;
(b) switching an electric potential applied to at least one electrode of the second ionization region such that the transfer of calibrant ions from the second ionization region into the first ionization region is inhibited and acquiring a first mobility spectrum comprising substantially no signals of calibrant ions;
(c) switching said electric potential such that calibrant ions are released into the first ionization region and acquiring a second mobility spectrum comprising sample and calibrant ions; and
(d) determining a calibration function for the mobility axis from at least one signal of a calibrant ion species and a known mobility of the calibrant ion species.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A differential pressure sensor for measuring the pressure difference between a pressure acting on a high-pressure side and a pressure acting on a low-pressure side, comprising:
A measuring mechanism having:
a chamber on the high-pressure side that is sealed by a first dividing membrane and filled with a transfer medium, said first dividing membrane is loaded with a pressure acting on the high-pressure side;
a chamber on the low-pressure side that is sealed by a second dividing membrane and filled with a transfer medium, said second dividing membrane is loaded with a pressure acting on the low-pressure side;
a pressure-sensitive element which separates said chamber on the high-pressure side from said chamber on the low-pressure side; and
a single throttle for damping overload pulses; wherein:
said throttle is arranged on the low pressure side between said pressure-sensitive element and said second dividing membrane; and
no throttle is arranged on the high pressure side.
2. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said transfer medium is a hydraulic liquid, especially a silicone oil.
3. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said pressure-sensitive element has a measuring membrane, especially a piezoresistive silicon chip with a measuring membrane.
4. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said throttle has a sintered body.
5. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 4, wherein;
said sintered body is a metallic or a ceramic sintered body.
6. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
said throttle has a porous structure.
7. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 6, wherein;
said porous structure has an effective flow pore diameter of not less than 4 \u03bcm and not more than 28 \u03bcm, preferably between 8 \u03bcm and 16 \u03bcm.
8. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 6, wherein:
said the porous structure has a porosity between 15 vol. % and 50 vol. %, preferably between 25 vol % and 35 vol %.
9. The differential pressure sensor as claimed in claim 4, wherein:
said sintered body has an essentially cylindrical form and the length of said sintered body in the axial direction is at least twice as large as the diameter.