1. A wet wipe that imparts a perceivable aesthetic benefit to skin, the wipe comprising:
a wipe substrate; and
a liquid composition containing:
from about 40% by weight of the composition to about 99.9% by weight of the composition of water;
from about 0.01% by weight of the composition to about 20% by weight of the composition of at least one skin aesthetic agent selected from fatty acids, fatty esters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, fatty ester derivatives, fatty alcohol derivatives, andor combinations thereof;
an acidifying agent; and
from about 0.01% by weight of the composition to about 10% by weight of the composition of an emulsifying agent.
2. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the at least one skin aesthetic agent has between 1 to 6 sites of unsaturation per molecule and between 8 and 30 carbon atoms per molecule.
3. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the acidifying agent protonates the at least one skin aesthetic agent.
4. The wet wipe of claim 3 wherein the liquid composition has a pH between 3.5 and 6.
5. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the at least one skin aesthetic agent is a fatty ester or fatty ester derivative that has been saponified and then protonated into a fatty acid or fatty alcohol.
6. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the at least one skin aesthetic agent is a triglyceride ester derivative that has been saponified and then protonated into a fatty acid or fatty alcohol.
7. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the at least one protonated skin aesthetic agent is a salt derivative of a fatty acid, a fatty ester, or a fatty alcohol selected from potassium soyate, potassium cocoate, potassium rapeseedate, potassium sunflowerate, potassium olivate, potassium palmate, potassium avocadoate, potassium shea butterate, potassium canoloate, potassium safflowerate, potassium oryzarate, potassium ricinoleate, potassium babassuate, potassium behenate, potassium caprylate, potassium castorate, potassium caprate, potassium cocoa butterate, potassium dilinoleate, potassium grapeseedate, potassium hempseedate, potassium hydrogenated cocoate, potassium hydrogenated palmate, potassium hydrogenated tallowate, potassium jojobate, potassium lanolate, potassium lardate, potassium laurate, potassium linoleate, potassium macadamiaseedate, potassium mangoseedate, potassium myristate, potassium oleate, potassium palmitate, potassium palm kernelate, potassium passiflora edulis seedate, potassium stearate, potassium sweet almondate, potassium peanutate, potassium tallate, potassium tallowate, potassium tamanuseedate, potassium tsubakiate, potassium undecylenate, sodium soyate, sodium cocoate, sodium rapeseedate, sodium sunflowerate, sodium olivate, sodium palmate, sodium avocadoate, sodium shea butterate, sodium canoloate, sodium safflowerate, sodium oryzarate, sodium ricinoleate, sodium babassuate, sodium behenate, sodium caprylate, sodium castorate, sodium caprate, sodium cocoa butterate, sodium dilinoleate, sodium grapeseedate, sodium hempseedate, sodium hydrogenated cocoate, sodium hydrogenated palmate, sodium hydrogenated tallowate, sodium jojobate, sodium lanolate, sodium lardate, sodium laurate, sodium linoleate, sodium macadamiaseedate, sodium mangoseedate, sodium myristate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium palm kernelate, sodium passiflora edulis seedate, sodium stearate, sodium sweet almondate, sodium peanutate, sodium tallate, sodium tallowate, sodium tamanuseedate, sodium tsubakiate, sodium undecylenate, ammonium soyate, ammonium cocoate, ammonium rapeseedate, ammonium sunflowerate, ammonium olivate, ammonium palmate, ammonium avocadoate, ammonium shea butterate, ammonium canoloate, ammonium safflowerate, ammonium oryzarate, ammonium ricinoleate, ammonium babassuate, ammonium behenate, ammonium caprylate, ammonium castorate, ammonium caprate, ammonium cocoa butterate, ammonium dilinoleate, ammonium grapeseedate, ammonium hempseedate, ammonium hydrogenated cocoate, ammonium hydrogenated palmate, ammonium hydrogenated tallowate, ammonium jojobate, ammonium lanolate, ammonium lardate, ammonium laurate, ammonium linoleate, ammonium macadamiaseedate, ammonium mangoseedate, ammonium myristate, ammonium oleate, ammonium palmitate, ammonium palm kernelate, ammonium passiflora edulis seedate, ammonium stearate, ammonium sweet almondate, ammonium peanutate, ammonium tallate, ammonium tallowate, ammonium tamanuseedate, ammonium tsubakiate, ammonium undecylenate and combinations thereof.
8. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the at least one skin aesthetic agent is derived from a natural plant source and selected from fats, oils, essential oils, essential fatty acids, non-essential fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
9. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the liquid composition comprises from about 0.1% by weight of the composition to about 10% by weight of the composition of at least one skin aesthetic agent.
10. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the liquid composition is present on the wipe in an add-on amount of from about 100% by weight of the treated substrate to about 500% by weight of the treated substrate.
11. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the wipe substrate is a nonwoven fibrous sheet material selected from meltblown, coform, air-laid, bonded-carded web materials, hydroentangled materials, and combinations thereof.
12. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the emulsifying agent is selected from cetearyl alcoholdicetyl phosphateceteth-10 phosphate blends, PPG-5 ceteth-20, palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride, polyglyceryl-5 laurate, glyceryl stearatePEG-100 stearate blends, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, hydroxypropyl bis-hydroxyethyldimonium chloride, cetearyl alcoholPEG-40 castor oilsodium cetearyl sulfate blends, and combinations thereof.
13. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the emulsifying agent has an HLB value between 11 and 20 and acts an oil-in-water emulsifier.
14. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the emulsifying agent has an HLB value between 1 and 5 and acts as a secondary emulsifying agent.
15. The wet wipe of claim 1 wherein the acidifying agent is selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, sorbic acid, ascorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, acetoacetic acid, betaine, crotonic acid, glyceric acid, dimethylmaleic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, dimethylsuccinic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, and combinations thereof.
16. The wet wipe of claim 1 further comprising salt.
17. The wet wipe of claim 1 further comprising between 1 and 4% salt.
18. A wet wipe that imparts a perceivable aesthetic benefit to skin, the wipe comprising:
a wipe substrate; and
a liquid composition containing:
from about 75% by weight of the composition to about 99.9% by weight of the composition of water,
from about 0.01% by weight of the composition to about 10% by weight of the composition of potassium soyate;
an acidifying agent selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, sorbic acid, ascorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, acetoacetic acid, betaine, crotonic acid, glyceric acid, dimethylmaleic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, dimethylsuccinic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, and combinations thereof; and
from about 0.01% by weight of the composition to about 10% by weight of the composition of an emulsifying agent selected from cetearyl alcoholdicetyl phosphateceteth-10 phosphate blends, PPG-5 ceteth-20, palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride, polyglyceryl-5 laurate, glyceryl stearatePEG-100 stearate blends, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, hydroxypropyl bis-hydroxyethyldimonium chloride, cetearyl alcoholPEG-40 castor oilsodium cetearyl sulfate blends, and combinations thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A wave power generating system (10, 80) comprising:
a tube (12, 70, 90, 112, 144, 170, 172) that is moored in a sea to lie a predetermined distance above the seabed (20);
said tube having first and second opposite ends (14, 16, 72, 74, 82, 84, 120, 124, 150, 152, 174, 176, 180, 182) with said tube first end (14, 72, 82, 120, 150, 180, 182) open to the sea so the pressure of sea water at said tube first end varies as waves pass over said tube first end, and with said tube second end (16, 74, 84, 124, 152, 174, 176) being at a pressure that is different from the pressure at said tube first end some of the time;
at least one deflectable membrane assembly (32, 92, 94, 136, 160, 162) sealed to said tube and extending across an inside of said tube at a location lying between said tube ends, to be deflected by the difference in pressure at said tube opposite ends, said deflectable membrane assembly (50) comprising a membrane of electroactive material which generates electricity when it is deflected.
2. The system described in claim 1 including:
said tube first end lies below wave level at least 90% of the time, and said tube second end is exposed to gas (30, 132) at a constant pressure.
3. The system described in claim 1 wherein:
said tube first end lies primarily below said tube second end.
4. The system described in claim 1 wherein:
said tube second end is closed and contains gas (30, 132) at a predetermined pressure.
5. The system described in claim 1 wherein:
said tube second end (74, 152) is open to the atmosphere that lies above the sea surface.
6. The system described in claim 1 wherein:
said tube first and second ends (150, 152, 174, 176, 180, 182) are horizontally spaced so a line connecting them is inclined no more than 45\xb0 from the horizontal, and said tube ends are each exposed to the sea at a location beneath the trough of waves at least 90% of the time.
7. The system described in claim 1 wherein surface waves at the location of said tube have a predetermined average wave length, and wherein:
said first and second tube ends are spaced apart by at least one-quarter of said predetermined wavelength.
8. A system for generating electrical power from surface waves in a sea, by obtaining power from a membrane assembly (32, 134) that includes a deflectable membrane (150) with electroactive material thereon which generates electricity when it is deflected, comprising:
a primarily vertical tube (12, 70) with a lower end (14, 72, 120, 180, 182) moored at a predetermined height above the sea floor that keeps the lower end constantly submerged, said lower end being open to the sea;
said tube having an upper end (16, 74, 124, 174, 176) which is exposed to a constant pressure;
said membrane assembly (32, 134) extending across an inside of said tube, at a location between said tube ends to be deflected by a difference in pressure at said ends.
9. The system described in claim 8 wherein:
said tube upper end is exposed to gas that is at a constant pressure.
10. A system for generating electrical power from surface waves in a sea, by obtaining power from a membrane assembly that includes a deflectable membrane that has electroactive material thereon which generates electricity when it is deflected, comprising:
a tube (90, 144, 170, 172) with opposite ends (82, 84, 150, 152, 174, 176, 180, 182) that are horizontally spaced, at least one end of said tube being open to the sea.
11. The system described in claim 10 wherein:
said tube opposite ends are both open to the sea.
12. A method for generating electrical power from surface waves in a sea, by obtaining power from a membrane assembly that includes a deflectable membrane that has electroactive material thereon which generates electricity when it is deflected, comprising:
mounting said membrane assembly in a tube between first and second ends of the tube so a difference in pressure between said tube ends deflects said membrane, mooring the tube so its first end lies at a predetermined height above the sea floor that keeps said first end submerged in the sea at least 90% of the time, and exposing said tube second end to gas at a constant pressure.
13. The method described in claim 12 wherein:
said step of exposing said tube second end to gas at a constant pressure comprises forming a closed gas-filled chamber at said tube second end.
14. The method described in claim 12 wherein:
said step of exposing said tube second end to gas at a constant pressure comprises exposing said tube second end to the atmosphere.