1. An apparatus for treating an atrial tissue of a patient in situ, comprising:
a. an optical fiber for guiding a coherent waveform of a selected wavelength to a fiber tip for discharge of light energy from said fiber tip in a direction of energy discharge, said wavelength selected to have a low absorption in water;
b. said fiber tip contained within a guide member having a discharge bore for said direction of energy discharge to define an unobstructed light pathway from the fiber tip through a discharge end of said discharge bore, said guide member having a smooth, curved surface adapted to be placed against a surface of said tissue and to be slidable along said surface of said atrial tissue; and in atraumatic sliding engagement and with said discharge bore opposing said atrial tissue said fiber tip spaced from said discharge end in a substantially fixed spacing;
c. said guide member carried on an elongated flexible member.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a wand with a handle at a proximate end and said guide member at a distal end.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein at least a portion of a length of said flexible member is malleable.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3 including controls on said handle for changing a shape of said flexible member.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a fluid pathway in fluid flow communication with said guide member to admit a bio-compatible flushing fluid to said guide member.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said guide member is a guide tip formed of a material substantially transparent to said wavelength.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said wavelength is selected from a range of about 790 nm to about 850 nm.
8. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said guide member includes a lumen for passage of a fluid through said guide member.
9. An apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said wavelength is about 805 nm.
10. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said guide member is fixed in a fixed position relative to said flexible member.
11. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a handle connected to said flexible member.
12. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said wavelength is selected from a range of about 470 nm to about 900 nm.
13. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said wavelength is selected from a range of about 1050 nm to about 1150 nm.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A continuous flow particle separation system for separating metallic and nonmetallic particles from a mixed-particle suspension, comprising:
a fluid channeling component defining an input channel and first and second output channels fluidly connected to said input channel at a bifurcated junction;
a first electrode and a second electrode arranged proximate said input channel at least partially prior to said bifurcated junction; and
an alternating current (AC) electric power source electrically connected to said first and second electrodes,
wherein said first and second electrodes have shapes configured to provide a spatially-gradient electric field across said input channel, and
wherein said AC electric power source is configured to provide an AC electric potential to said first and second electrodes to cause a separation of said metallic and nonmetallic particles by dielectrophoresis due to a difference in dielectrophoretic forces imposed on said metallic particles relative to those of said nanometallic particles such that first output fluid flow in said first output channel has an enriched concentration of metallic particles and second output fluid flow in said second output channel has an enriched concentration of nonmetallic particles relative to said mixed-particle suspension in said input channel.
2. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 1, wherein said first electrode and said second electrode are arranged at opposing lateral sides of said input channel proximate said bifurcated junction.
3. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 1, wherein said input channel defined by said fluid channeling component provides substantially laminar flow of said mixed-particle suspension.
4. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 3, wherein said first and second output channels defined by said fluid channeling component provide substantially laminar flow of said first and second output fluid flows.
5. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 4, wherein said input channel and said first and second output channels defined by said fluid channeling component are microfluidic channels.
6. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 4, wherein said AC electric power source is configured to provide an AC electric potential such that a force imposed on said metallic particles by said dielectrophoresis is opposite in direction to a force imposed on said nonmetallic particles by said dielectrophoresis.
7. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 1, wherein said input mixed-particle suspension comprises a suspension of metallic particles and semiconducting particles in a fluid having preselected electrical permittivity and electrical conductivity, and
wherein a frequency of said AC electric potential is selected based on said preselected electrical permittivity and electrical conductivity of said fluid and based on electrical permittivity and electrical conductivity of each of said metallic and semiconducting particles.
8. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 7, wherein said metallic particles are metallic carbon nanotubes, and
wherein said semiconducting particles are semiconducting carbon nanotubes such that said first output fluid flow in said first output channel has an enriched concentration of metallic carbon nanotubes and second output fluid flow in said second output channel has an enriched concentration of semiconducting carbon nanotubes relative to said mixed-particle suspension in said input channel.
9. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 1, wherein said fluid channeling component further defines third and fourth output channels fluidly connected to one of said first and second output channels at a second bifurcated junction,
wherein said continuous flow particle separation system further comprises a third electrode and a fourth electrode arranged proximate said one of said first and second output channels at least partially prior to said second bifurcated junction to provide multistage particle separation, and
wherein said third and fourth electrodes have shapes configured to provide a spatially-gradient electric field across said one of said first and second output channels.
10. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 9, wherein said AC electric power source is further electrically connected to said third and fourth electrodes.
11. A continuous flow particle separation system according to claim 9, further comprising a second AC electric power source electrically connected to said third and fourth electrodes.
12. A particle separation system for separating metallic and nonmetallic particles from a mixed-particle suspension, comprising:
a fluid containment component defining a fluid containment region for containing at least a portion of said mixed-particle suspension;
a first electrode and a second electrode arranged proximate said fluid containment region; and
an alternating current (AC) electric power source electrically connected to said first and second electrodes,
wherein said first and second electrodes have shapes configured to provide a spatially-gradient electric field across said fluid containment region,
wherein said AC electric power source is configured to provide an AC electric potential to said first and second electrodes to cause a separation of said metallic and nonmetallic particles by dielectrophoresis due to a difference in dielectrophoretic forces imposed on said metallic particles relative to those of said nanometallic particles, and
wherein said AC electric power source is configured to provide an AC electric potential such that a force imposed on said metallic particles by said dielectrophoresis is opposite in direction to a force imposed on said nonmetallic particles by said dielectrophoresis to provide an enriched concentration of metallic particles proximate one of said first and second electrodes and an enriched concentration of nonmetallic particles proximate the other one of said first and second electrodes relative to said mixed-particle suspension.
13. A continuous-flow method for separating metallic and nonmetallic particles from a mixed-particle suspension, comprising:
providing an input flow of a mixed-particle fluid suspension in an input channel, said input channel being bifurcated into first and second output channels at a bifurcated junction;
applying a spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field to said input flow of said mixed-particle fluid suspension in said input channel to impose dielectrophoretic forces on metallic and nonmetallic particles in said mixed-particle fluid suspension; and
collecting a metallic-particle rich fluid suspension from said first output channel and a nonmetallic-particle rich fluid suspension from said second output channel,
wherein said spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field is selected to have a time variation such that a dielectrophoretic force imposed on said metallic particles is different from a dielectrophoretic force imposed on said nonmetallic particles.
14. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, wherein said spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field is selected to have a time variation such that said dielectrophoretic force imposed on said metallic particles is opposite in direction to said dielectrophoretic force imposed on said nonmetallic particles.
15. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, wherein a fluid of said mixed-particle fluid suspension is selected based on at least one of an electrical permittivity or electrical conductivity thereof.
16. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, wherein a fluid of said mixed-particle fluid suspension is produced to have at least one of a selected electrical permittivity or electrical conductivity.
17. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, wherein said nonmetallic particles are semiconducting particles.
18. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, wherein said metallic particles are metallic carbon nanotubes, and
wherein said nonmetallic particles are semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
19. A continuous-flow method according to claim 13, further comprising:
applying a second spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field to at least one of said metallic-particle rich fluid suspension in said first output channel or said nonmetallic-particle rich fluid suspension from said second output channel prior to said collecting as a second stage in a multistage method for separating metallic and nonmetallic particles.
20. A method for separating metallic and nonmetallic particles from a mixed-particle suspension, comprising:
providing a mixed-particle fluid suspension; and
applying a spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field to said mixed-particle fluid suspension to impose dielectrophoretic forces on metallic and nonmetallic particles in said mixed-particle fluid suspension,
wherein said spatially-gradient and time-varying electric field is selected to have a time variation such that a dielectrophoretic force imposed on said metallic particles is opposite in direction from a dielectrophoretic force imposed on said nonmetallic particles.