1. A particle with a maximum diameter of 1 mm comprising:
a) a polymer X functionalized with at least one peptide Y, wherein peptide Y is selected from the group of a peptide derived from the region of the tenth type III repeat of fibronectin containing the RGD peptide, a peptide derived from the region of the fourteenth type III repeat of the fibronectin containing the IDAPS peptide, a peptide derived from the CSI region of fibronectin containing the LDV peptide and a peptide derived from the CS5 region of the fibronectin containing the REDV peptide,
b) at least one cell having on its surface specific binding sites for said peptide Y, wherein the cell is bound to polymer X by means of the interaction between peptide Y and the specific binding sites for said peptide Y on the surface of the cell.
2. The particle according to claim 1, wherein said polymer X is alginate.
3. The particle according to claim 1, wherein peptide Y is a peptide containing the RGD sequence.
4. A microcapsule comprising
a) a particle according to claim 1 and
b) a semi-permeable membrane surrounding the particle
5. The microcapsule according to claim 4, wherein said membrane is a polylysine membrane.
6. The microcapsule according to claim 4, containing, surrounding the membrane on the outside thereof, a second membrane made of a material inhibiting cell adhesion.
7. The microcapsule according to claim 5, wherein the second membrane is made of alginate.
8. The particle according to claim 1, wherein the cells are genetically modified cells.
9. The particle according to claim 8, wherein said cells express a peptide compound with biological activity.
10. The particle according to claim 8, wherein said cells express a peptide compound with biological activity under the control of a constitutive or inducible expression promoter.
11. The particle according to claim 8, wherein said compound is erythropoietin (EPO).
12. The particle according to claim 8 for the use thereof in medicine.
13. A method for the treatment and prevention of diseases in which a supply of the peptide compound with biological activity is required which comprises the administration to said subject of a therapeutically effective amount of microcapsules as defined in claim 4 wherein said microcapsules express said peptide compound with biological activity.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the peptide compound has a short elimination half-life.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the peptide compound with a short serum half-life is erythropoietin and the disease to be treated or prevented is a disease selected from the group of anemia associated to chronic renal failure, anemia relating to therapy with AZT in AIDS patients, anemia in patients with non-myeloid type malignant diseases receiving chemotherapy, anemia associated to cancer, anemia associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, who have undergone a surgical treatment to eliminate the need for allogeneic transfusions, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, anemia associated to cystic fibrosis, menstrual disorders, acute losses of blood, anemia resulting from radiotherapy or from a reduced oxygen uptake associated to altitude, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases.
16. A method for the release of a peptide compound with biological activity which comprises the use of a device comprising a particle or microcapsule according to claim 8.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said compound is a compound showing a short elimination half-life.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein said release occurs in a controlled manner under the application of an external stimulus.
19. A method for producing a particle according to claim 1, comprising the steps of
a) Contacting a polymeric substance which is modified with a peptide Y with at least one cell having on its surface specific binding sites for said peptide Y, wherein peptide Y is selected from the group of a peptide derived from the region of the tenth type III repeat of fibronectin containing the RGD peptide, a peptide derived from the region of the fourteenth type III repeat of the fibronectin containing the IDAPS peptide, a peptide derived from the CSI region of fibronectin containing the LDV peptide and a peptide derived from the CS5 region of the fibronectin containing the REDV peptide, and
b) applying conditions allowing the formation of particles of polymeric material having less than 1 mm in diameter.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the polymeric substance modified with peptide Y is an alginate and the conditions used in step (b) consist of contacting the modified polymer and cell mixture with a divalent cation solution.
21. A method for preparing a microcapsule according to claim 4 comprising the steps of
a) Contacting a polymeric substance which is modified with a peptide Y with cells having the capacity to bind to said peptide Y wherein peptide Y is selected from the group of a peptide derived from the region of the tenth type III repeat of fibronectin containing the RGD peptide, a peptide derived from the region of the fourteenth type III repeat of the fibronectin containing the IDAPS peptide, a peptide derived from the CSI region of fibronectin containing the LDV peptide and a peptide derived from the CS5 region of the fibronectin containing the REDV peptide,
b) applying conditions allowing the formation of particles of polymeric material having less than 1 mm in diameter
c) coating the microparticle formed in step (b) with a membrane made of a material different from the polymer used in step (a).
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the polymeric substance modified with peptide Y is an alginate and the conditions used in step (b) consist of contacting the modified polymer and cell mixture with a divalent cation solution.
23. The method according to claim 21, additionally comprising the step of coating the microcapsules with an additional layer of material different from the material forming the membrane formed during step (c).
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the additional layer contains mostly alginates.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Data storage medium having a semiconductor chip which has at least one memory in which an operating program is stored which contains a number of commands, with each command producing signals which can be detected from outside the semiconductor chip, characterized in that the data storage medium is designed to use different functions to scramble data which is used more than once for a calculation process.
2. Data storage medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the data to be scrambled comprises the message to be encrypted.
3. Data storage medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the data used is an intermediate result, and a subsequent squaring operation is in the form of a multiplication process, with the intermediate result having previously been scrambled using different functions.
4. Data storage medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the data used is an intermediate result, and the intermediate result is subsequently duplicated as an addition process, with the intermediate result having previously been scrambled using different functions.
5. Data storage medium according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the calculation comprises an encryption process by means of modulo operations, in which the message M is used if there is a 1 in the exponent d, and the message M is varied using a different function for each use.
6. Data storage medium according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a factor ri*n is added to the message M for each use i (i1 . . . k), where r is a random number and n is the modulus.
7. Data storage medium according to claim 6, characterized in that ri is the same for all i.
8. Data storage medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the calculation comprises a modulo operation in which the powers of the message are used, with these powers of the message being varied using a different function for each use.
9. Data storage medium according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modulus n is multiplied by a constant factor k, and a further modulo operation is carried out with the modulus n.
10. Method for protection of secret data in data storage media having a semiconductor chip which has at least one memory in which an operating program is stored which contains a number of commands, with each command producing signals which can be detected from outside the semiconductor chip, characterized in that data which is used more than once for a calculation process is scrambled using different functions.
11. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the data to be scrambled comprises a message which is to be encrypted.
12. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the data used is an intermediate result, and a subsequent squaring operation is in the form of a multiplication process, with the intermediate result having previously been scrambled using different functions.
13. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the data used is an intermediate result, and the intermediate result is subsequently duplicated as an addition process, with the intermediate result having previously been scrambled using different functions.
14. Method according to one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the calculation comprises an encryption process by means of modulo operations, in which the message M is used if there is a 1 in the exponent d, and the message M is varied using a different function for each use.
15. Method according to one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that the calculation comprises a modulo operation in which the powers of the message are used, with these powers of the message being varied using a different function for each use.
16. Method according to one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that a factor ri*n is added to the message M for each use i (i1 . . . k), where ri is a random number and n is the modulus.
17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that ri is the same for all i.
18. Method according to one of claims 10 to 17, characterized in that the modulus n is multiplied by a constant factor k, and a further modulo operation is carried out with the modulus n.
19. Method according to one of claims 10 to 18, characterized in that security-critical computation operations f(z) which have a correlation between z and f(z) are split into computation operations g1(z) and (g2f(g1(z)), so that g1(z) and (g2f(g1(z)) are not correlated with one another.