1. An apparatus comprising:
a pressurizable chamber with a gas region in an upper portion;
an input for introducing a liquid and a gas near a top of the chamber and an output near a bottom of the chamber for outputting the liquid supersaturated with the gas; and
a plurality of infuser structures in the gas region of the chamber, wherein the plurality of infuser structures create an increased surface area for the liquid cascading by gravity over surfaces of the plurality of infuser structures to form a film of the liquid in the presence of the gas under a pressure to increase the gas infusion into the liquid.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the increased surface area created by the plurality of infuser structures is at least 35 percent of a total surface area of the chamber in the gas region.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the increased surface area created by the plurality of infuser structures is at least 70 percent of a total surface area of the chamber in the gas region.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the infuser structures comprise column packing material disposed within the gas region of the chamber.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the increased surface area of the plurality of infuser structures is more than about 100 percent of a total surface area of the chamber in the gas region.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the infuser structures comprise a plurality of cascading inclined plates to allow the liquid to flow down the plurality of inclined plates and cover the surface of the inclined plates with a film of the liquid.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the infuser structures comprise a plurality of mixing plates arranged vertically in the chamber that form a plurality of mixing chambers with holes in the plurality of mixing plates that are offset from one mixing plate to the next.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the liquid is chosen from the following:
clean water, sewage water, pond water, and lake water.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gas is chosen from the following:
oxygen, ozone, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide.
10. An apparatus comprising:
a pressurizable cylindrical chamber with a gas region in an upper portion;
an input for introducing a liquid and a gas near a top of the chamber and an output at a bottom of the chamber for outputting the liquid supersaturated with the gas wherein the liquid and the gas are introduced together at the input with the gas partially dissolved in the liquid and the remainder as gas bubbles;
a plurality of infuser structures in the gas region of the chamber, wherein the plurality of infuser structures create an increased surface area for a film of the liquid cascading by gravity over surfaces of the plurality of infuser structures in the presence of the gas under a pressure to increase the gas infusion into the liquid; and
wherein the increased surface area created by the plurality of infuser structures is at least 35 percent of a total surface area of the chamber in the gas region.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the infuser structures comprise column packing material disposed within the gas region of the chamber.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the infuser structures comprise a plurality of cascading inclined plates to allow the liquid to flow down the plurality of inclined plates and cover the surface of the inclined plates with a film of the liquid.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the infuser structures comprise a plurality of mixing plates arranged vertically in the chamber that form a plurality of mixing chambers with holes in the plurality of mixing plates that are offset from one mixing plate to the next, and wherein the liquid flow cascading through the mixing chambers splashes the liquid to create droplets that provide additional surface area of the liquid exposed to the pressurized gas.
14. A method for super-saturating a liquid with a gas, the method comprising the steps of:
(A) introducing a liquid and a gas into a pressurizable chamber;
(B) pressurizing the chamber;
(C) passing the liquid in a cascading flow over infuser structures in the chamber to create a film of the liquid on the infuser structures in the presence of the gas under pressure;
(D) collecting the supersaturated liquid; and
(E) outputting the supersaturated liquid through a valve.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising the steps of:
(F) initializing the cascading flow of the liquid and a flow of the gas in the pressurizable chamber to establish a level of the liquid between a liquid port and a gas port;
(G) increasing the flow of the gas if the level of the liquid rises to the liquid port; and
(H) decreasing the flow of the gas if the level of the liquid falls to the gas port.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the valve is a reducing valve and the supersaturated liquid forms micro bubbles of gas.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein steps A and B are combined such that introducing the gas and liquid into the chamber pressurizes the chamber.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the gas and liquid are introduced into the chamber together as a partially dissolved gas in the liquid.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein the infuser structures comprise column packing material disposed within an upper portion of the chamber in the presence of the gas under pressure.
20. The method of claim 14 wherein the infuser structures comprise a plurality of mixing plates arranged vertically in the chamber that form a plurality of chambers with holes in the plurality of mixing plates that are offset from one mixing plate to the next.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A display-driver data line driving device comprising:
a first data line driving circuit that drives a first data line;
a first shift resistor;
a first display latch portion that is connected to the first data line and that receives a shift pulse shifted by the first shift resistor as a clock to latch data supplied via the first data line;
a second data line driving circuit that drives a second data line;
a second shift resistor;
a second display latch portion that is connected to the second data line and that receives a shift pulse shifted by the second shift resistor as a clock to latch data supplied via the second data line;
a third shift resistor that is arranged between the first shift resistor and the second shift resistor and that sends a shift pulse shifted by the first shift resistor to the second shift resistor; and
selector circuits that change a channel through which a shift pulse is supplied from the first shift resistor to the third shift resistor and a channel through which a shift pulse is supplied from the third shift resistor to the second shift resistor,
wherein the first data line driving circuit stops driving the first data line based on a shift pulse shifted by the third shift resistor; and
wherein the second data line driving circuit starts driving the second data line based on a shift pulse shifted by the third shift resistor.
2. The display-driver data line driving device according to claim 1,
wherein each of the first to third shift resistors comprises cascaded data flip flops, each of the data flip flops comprising a data input terminal, a clock input terminal, and data output terminals and outputting a shift pulse supplied via the data input terminal from the data output terminals in synchronization with a clock supplied via the clock input terminal,
wherein the third shift resistor comprises a first data flip flop and a second data flip flop connected in a stage subsequent to the first data flip flop,
wherein the first data line driving circuit stops driving the first data line in synchronization with a shift pulse outputted from the second data flip flop, and
wherein the second data line driving circuit starts driving the second data line in synchronization with a shift pulse outputted from the first data flip flop.
3. The display-driver data line driving device according to claim 2, wherein the third shift resistor comprises a third data flip flop connected in a stage subsequent to the first data flip flop and prior to the second data flip flop, and a data output terminal of the third data flip flop is connected to the second shift resistor via the selector circuits.
4. The display-driver data line driving device according to claim 1, wherein the first data line driving circuit starts driving the first data line based on a start signal supplied as a shift pulse to an initial stage of the first shift resistor, and the second data line driving circuit stops driving the second data line based on a shift pulse outputted from a final stage of the second shift resistor.
5. A display-driver data line driving device comprising:
a first data line driving circuit that drives a first data line;
a first shift resistor;
a first display latch portion that is connected to the first data line and that receives a shift pulse shifted by the first shift resistor as a clock to latch data supplied via the first data line;
a second data line driving circuit that drives a second data line;
a second shift resistor;
a second display latch portion that is connected to the second data line and that receives a shift pulse shifted by the second shift resistor as a clock to latch data supplied via the second data line;
a first channel and a second channel that send a shift pulse shifted by the first shift resistor to the second shift resistor; and
selector circuits that select whether to input a shift pulse shifted by the first shift resistor to the second shift resistor via the first channel or the second channel,
wherein the first data line driving circuit stops driving the first data line after the first display latch portion latches data, and
wherein the second data line driving circuit starts driving the second data line before the second display latch portion latches data.
6. The display-driver data line driving device according to claim 5, wherein each of the first and second shift resistors comprises cascaded data flip flops, each of the data flip flops comprising a data input terminal, a clock input terminal, and data output terminals and outputting a shift pulse supplied via the data input terminal from the data output terminals in synchronization with a clock supplied via the clock input terminal
wherein the second data line driving circuit starts driving the second data line in synchronization with a shift pulse outputted from a data flip flop arranged in a stage prior to the selector circuits, and
wherein the first data line driving circuit stops driving the first data line in synchronization with a shift pulse that is further delayed by causing a data flip flop to shift a shift pulse supplied to the second shift resistor via the selector circuits.
7. The display-driver data line driving device according to claim 5, wherein the first data line driving circuit starts driving the first data line based on a start signal supplied as a shift pulse to an initial stage of the first shift resistor, and the second data line driving circuit stops driving the second data line based on a shift pulse outputted from a final stage of the second shift resistor.