1. A nonvolatile memory device comprising:
a device isolation pattern in a substrate to define an active region;
a floating gate electrode on the active region and a section of which taken along a direction has a cross shape;
a gate insulation layer between the floating gate electrode and the active region;
a control gate electrode on the floating gate electrode to cross the active region; and
an intergate dielectric layer between the control gate electrode and the floating gate electrode.
2. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the direction corresponds to a direction extending along the control gate electrode.
3. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 2, wherein a section of the floating gate electrode taken along a direction extending along the active region has a rectangle or an inverse T shape.
4. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the floating gate electrode includes:
a lower gate pattern on the gate insulation layer;
a middle gate pattern on the lower gate pattern; and
an upper gate pattern on the middle gate pattern,
wherein the middle gate pattern is larger in width than the lower gate pattern and the upper gate pattern.
5. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 4, wherein a boundary between the middle gate pattern and the upper gate pattern has a rounded corner.
6. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 4, wherein the lower gate pattern is equal in width to an upper surface of the active region.
7. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 4, wherein the upper gate pattern is smaller in width than the control gate electrode and is covered with the control gate electrode.
8. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the control gate electrode has a bottom surface which is lower than a bottom surface of the floating gate electrode.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A controller for an internal combustion engine connected to a fuel tank, the engine including a crankshaft, at least one cylinder, at least one fuel injection valve associated with the at least one cylinder, and a fuel vapor processing mechanism, the fuel vapor processing mechanism including:
a canister for collecting fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank;
a purge passage, connecting the canister and an intake passage of the internal combustion engine, for purging fuel vapor desorbed from the canister into the intake passage; and
a purge valve, arranged in the purge passage, for adjusting fuel vapor amount in the purge passage;
the controller comprising:
a memory for storing a first crank angle, which is an angle of the crankshaft at the timing of opening of the purge valve; and
a processor for determining a first crank rotation angle by which the crankshaft is rotated during a delay time required for the fuel vapor to move from the purge valve to a position closer to the fuel injection valve, based on intake air pressure in the intake passage, and for adding the first crank rotation angle to the first crank angle to determine a second crank angle, wherein the controller determines the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage based on concentration of the fuel vapor that is purged into the purge passage and corrects a fuel injection amount for the at least one fuel injection valve in accordance with the determined amount of fuel vapor, wherein the controller starts decreasing the fuel injection amount from the cylinder that is undergoing an intake stroke when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle.
2. The controller according to claim 1, wherein:
when the purge valve opens, the controller determines a correction amount in accordance with the determined amount of fuel vapor, and determines the cylinder that is undergoing the intake stroke when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle; and
when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle, the controller controls the fuel injection valve associated with the determined cylinder to start injecting an amount of fuel decreased by the correction amount.
3. The controller according to claim 1, wherein when the purge valve opens, the controller limits the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage so that the corrected fuel injection amount becomes greater than or equal to a minimum injection amount of the at least one fuel injection valve.
4. The controller according to claim 1, wherein when the purge valve opens, the controller limits the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage so that a ratio between the fuel injection amount before correction and the fuel injection amount after correction becomes equal to a predetermined value.
5. The controller according to claim 3, wherein the controller limits a maximum opening degree of the purge valve to limit the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage.
6. The controller according to claim 1, wherein when the intake air pressure in the intake passage is stable, the processor:
determines a maximum change in concentration of the fuel vapor in the intake passage based on the concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage, the amount of fuel vapor flowing in the purge passage, and engine intake air amount;
determines a second crank rotation angle by which the crankshaft is rotated during time required for the concentration of fuel vapor in the intake passage to reach the maximum change, based on the intake air pressure when the purge valve opens; and
sets a correction amount for the fuel injection amount in accordance with a concentration change degree that is determined by the second crank rotation angle and the maximum change.
7. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the purge passage has an outlet connected to the intake passage, and the processor:
determines a change in the concentration of the fuel vapor at the outlet of the purge passage when the engine is in a transitional state in which the intake air pressure in the intake passage is changing based on the concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage, the amount of fuel vapor flowing in the purge passage, an intake air amount of the engine, and a delay time required for the fuel vapor that has passed through the purge valve to reach the outlet of the purge passage;
determines a third crank rotation angle by which the crankshaft is rotated during time required for the determined change in the concentration of fuel vapor at the outlet of the purge passage to be reflected to change in concentration of intake air at the position closer to the fuel injection valve, based on the intake air pressure;
determines a third crank angle by adding the third crank rotation angle to the first crank angle; and
sets, for fuel injection performed when the crankshaft is rotated to the third crank angle, a correction amount for the fuel injection amount in accordance with the change in the concentration of fuel vapor.
8. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the memory stores concentration of the fuel vapor immediately before purging is stopped, and the processor determines the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage when purging is performed next based on the concentration stored in the memory.
9. The controller according to claim 8, wherein the processor updates the fuel vapor concentration stored in the memory when time during which purging is suspended is greater than a reference time.
10. The controller according to claim 1, further comprising:
a concentration sensor, arranged in the purge passage, for detecting concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage.
11. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the processor detects change in air-fuel ratio that occurs when the purge valve opens and estimates the concentration of the fuel vapor from the detected change in the air-fuel ratio.
12. The controller according to claim 11, wherein if the air-fuel ratio is excluded from a predetermined range when the fuel injection valve injects the corrected amount of fuel, the processor re-corrects the fuel injection amount and updates the concentration of fuel vapor in the purge passage based on the re-corrected fuel injection amount.
13. A controller for an internal combustion engine connected to a fuel tank, the engine including a crankshaft, at least one cylinder, at least one fuel injection valve associated with the at least one cylinder, and a fuel vapor processing mechanism, the fuel vapor processing mechanism including:
a canister for collecting fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank;
a purge passage, connecting the canister and an intake passage of the internal combustion engine, for purging fuel vapor desorbed from the canister into the intake passage; and
a purge valve, arranged in the purge passage, for adjusting fuel vapor amount in the purge passage;
the controller comprising:
a memory for storing a first crank angle, which is an angle of the crankshaft at the timing of closing of the purge valve, wherein the controller determines fuel vapor amount drawn into the intake passage based on concentration of the fuel vapor that is purged into the purge passage, and the controller corrects a fuel injection amount of the at least one fuel injection valve in accordance with the determined amount of fuel vapor; and
a processor for determining a first crank rotation angle, by which the crankshaft is rotated during a delay time required for the fuel vapor to move from the purge valve to a position close to the fuel injection valve, based on intake air pressure in the intake passage, and for adding the first crank rotation angle to the first crank angle to determine a second crank angle, wherein the controller starts increasing the fuel injection amount from the cylinder that is undergoing an intake stroke when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle.
14. The controller according to claim 13, wherein:
when the purge valve closes, the processor determines a correction amount that is in accordance with the determined amount of fuel vapor, and determines the cylinder that is undergoing the intake stroke when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle; and
when the crankshaft is rotated to the second crank angle, the controller controls the fuel injection valve associated with the determined cylinder to start injecting an amount of fuel increased by the correction amount.
15. The controller according to claim 13, wherein when the intake air pressure in the intake passage is stable, the processor:
determines a maximum change in concentration of the fuel vapor in the intake passage based on the concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage, the amount of fuel vapor flowing in the purge passage, and engine intake air amount;
determines a second crank rotation angle, by which the crankshaft is rotated during time required for the concentration of fuel vapor in the intake passage to reach the maximum change, based on the intake air pressure at the time of closing of the purge valve; and
sets a correction amount for the fuel injection amount in accordance with a concentration change degree that is determined by the second crank rotation angle and the maximum change.
16. The controller according to claim 13, wherein the purge passage has an outlet connected to the intake passage, and the processor:
determines a change in the concentration of the fuel vapor at the outlet of the purge passage when the engine is in a transitional state in which the intake air pressure in the intake passage is changing based on the concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage, the amount of fuel vapor flowing in the purge passage, engine intake air amount, and a delay time required for the fuel vapor that has passed through the purge valve to reach the outlet of the purge passage;
determines a third crank rotation angle, by which the crankshaft is rotated during time required for the determined change in the concentration of fuel vapor at the outlet of the purge passage to be reflected to change in concentration of intake air at the position close to the fuel injection valve, based on the intake air pressure;
determines a third crank angle by adding the third crank rotation angle to the first crank angle; and
sets, for fuel injection performed when the crankshaft is rotated to the third crank angle, a correction amount of the fuel injection amount in accordance with the change in the concentration of fuel vapor.
17. The controller according to claim 13, wherein the memory stores concentration of the fuel vapor immediately before purging is stopped, and the processor determines the amount of fuel vapor drawn into the intake passage when purging is performed next based on the concentration stored in the memory.
18. The controller according to claim 17, wherein the processor updates the fuel vapor concentration stored in the memory when time during which purging is suspended is greater than a reference time.
19. The controller according to claim 13, further comprising:
a concentration sensor, arranged in the purge passage, for detecting concentration of the fuel vapor in the purge passage.
20. The controller according to claim 13, wherein the processor detects change in air-fuel ratio that occurs when the purge valve opens and estimates the concentration of the fuel vapor from the detected change in the air-fuel ratio.
21. The controller according to claim 20, wherein if the air-fuel ratio is excluded from a predetermined range when the fuel injection valve injects the corrected amount of fuel, the processor re-corrects the fuel injection amount and updates the concentration of fuel vapor in the purge passage based on the re-corrected fuel injection amount.