1. A method, comprising:
receiving a notification message comprising a state of an electrical component on an electrical grid;
determining, by a computing system, a command message comprising at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component; and
sending the command message to at least one of the electrical component and other electrical components on the electrical grid.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical component and the other electrical components are reconfigured based on the command message by performing the at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the state of the electrical component comprises at least one of:
an indication that an electrical fault has been detected at the electrical component;
a voltage at the electrical component;
a reactive power at the electrical component;
a real power at the electrical component;
an open or closed status of the electrical component;
a tap position of the electrical component;
an indication that a voltage at the electrical component is greater or less than a predetermined threshold;
an indication that a frequency at the electrical component is greater or less than a predetermined threshold; and
an indication that a current at the electrical component is greater or less than a predetermined threshold.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the command message comprises a SIP-based fault isolation command message which instructs at least one of the electrical component and the other electrical components to execute configuration changes aimed at isolating an electrical fault or abnormal condition at the electrical component and rerouting electricity around the electrical component.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the command message comprises a SIP-based services restoration command message which instructs at least one of the electrical component and the other electrical components to one of open and close to allow restoration of power to areas on the electrical grid.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving, the sending, and the determining are performed at a back end, centralized premise of a utility, the back end, centralized premise comprising at least one of a utility control center, a distribution, transmission, and generation control center, and an Independent System Operator (ISO)Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) grid control center.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving, the sending, and the determining are performed at a front end, decentralized premise of a utility, the front end, decentralized premise comprising at least one of a building, a complex of buildings, a low-voltage grid, a high-voltage grid, an extra high-voltage grid, and a power station.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving, the sending, and the determining are performed at a back end, centralized premise of a utility and at a front end, decentralized premise of the utility, the back end, centralized premise comprising at least one of a utility control center, a distribution, transmission, and generation control center, and an Independent System Operator (ISO)Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) grid control center, and the front end, decentralized premise comprising at least one of a building, a complex of buildings, a low-voltage grid, a high-voltage grid, an extra high-voltage grid, and a power station.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying at least one customer on the electrical grid without power;
identifying at least one available switch on the electrical grid;
determining at least one switch for restoring power to the at least one customer based on the at least one customer and the at least one available switch; and
sending at least one command message to the at least one switch that instructs the at least one switch to one of open and close to allow restoration of power to the at least one customer.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein a service provider at least one of creates, maintains, deploys and supports a computer infrastructure operable to perform the steps of claim 1.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of claim 1 are provided by a service provider on a subscription, advertising, andor fee basis.
12. A system implemented in hardware, comprising:
a computer infrastructure operable to:
receive a notification message of an electrical device on an electrical grid, the notification message including a status of the electrical device;
predict an electrical fault of the electrical device based on a set of rules related to the electrical device and the notification message; and
send a command action to at least one of the electrical device and other electrical components in response to the predicted electrical fault, the command action comprising corrective action to reroute electricity in an electrical path, bypassing the predicted electrical fault.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the electrical device and the other electrical components are reconfigured by performing the command action.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the status of the electrical device comprises at least one of:
an indication that an electrical fault has been detected at the electrical device;
a voltage at the electrical device;
a reactive power at the electrical device;
a real power at the electrical device;
an open or closed status of the electrical device;
a tap position of the electrical device;
an indication that a voltage at the electrical device is greater or less than a predetermined threshold;
an indication that a frequency at the electrical device is greater or less than a predetermined threshold; and
an indication that a current at the electrical device is greater or less than a predetermined threshold.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the prediction is proactive prior to any electrical fault.
16. The system of claim 12, wherein the computer infrastructure is further operable to:
send a SIP-based fault isolation command message which instructs at least one of the electrical device and the other electrical components to execute configuration changes aimed at isolating the predicted electrical fault at the electrical device and rerouting electricity around the electrical device; and
send an alarm message to be displayed to a system operator responsible for an area where the predicted electrical fault is located, the alarm message comprising a suggested reconfiguration of at least one of the electrical device and the other electrical components to isolate the predicted electrical fault.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the computer infrastructure is at a back end, centralized premise of a utility, the back end, centralized premise comprising at least one of a utility control center, a distribution, transmission, and generation control center, and an Independent System Operator (ISO)Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) grid control center.
18. The system of claim 12, wherein the computer infrastructure is at a front end, decentralized premise of a utility, the front end, decentralized premise comprising at least one of a building, a complex of buildings, a low-voltage grid, a high-voltage grid, an extra high-voltage grid, and a power station.
19. The system of claim 12, wherein the computer infrastructure is at a back end, centralized premise of a utility and at a front end decentralized premise of the utility, the back end, centralized premise comprising at least one of a utility control center, a distribution, transmission, and generation control center, and an Independent System Operator (ISO)Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) grid control center, and the front end, decentralized premise comprising at least one of a building, a complex of buildings, a low-voltage grid, a high-voltage grid, an extra high-voltage grid, and a power station.
20. The system of claim 12, wherein the predicted electrical fault comprises an abnormal condition at the electrical device.
21. A computer program product comprising a computer usable storage medium having readable program code embodied in the storage medium, the computer program product comprises at least one component operable to:
receive a notification message comprising a state of an electrical component on an electrical grid;
determine a command message comprising at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component; and
send the command message to at least one of the electrical component and other electrical components on the electrical grid.
22. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the electrical component and the other electrical components are reconfigured based on the command message by performing the at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component.
23. A method for decentralized and centralized fault isolation and service restoration in an electrical grid, comprising:
providing a computer infrastructure, being operable to:
send a register message to register in a network;
record an electrical event at a location on the electrical grid;
send a notification message comprising presence information of the electrical event, through the network to a presence server;
receive a command message comprising at least one action to take in response to the electrical event; and
perform the at least one action to take.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the electrical event comprises one of an electrical fault and an abnormal condition at the location, and the at least one action to take comprises isolating the electrical event at the location.
25. A computer system for decentralized and centralized fault isolation and service restoration in an electrical grid, the system comprising:
a CPU, a computer readable memory and a computer readable storage media;
first program instructions to receive a notification message comprising a state of an electrical component on the electrical grid;
second program instructions to determine a command message comprising at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component; and
third program instructions to send the command message to at least one of the electrical component and other electrical components on the electrical grid to reconfigure the electrical grid to bypass the fault isolation,
wherein the electrical component and the other electrical components are reconfigured based on the command message by performing the at least one action to take in response to the state of the electrical component, and
wherein the first, second, and third program instructions are stored on the computer readable storage media for execution by the CPU via the computer readable memory.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An optical receiver comprising:
a rear-illuminated type optical receiving device for receiving an incident light from an optical fiber;
an amplifier for amplifying an electrical signal from said optical receiving device;
a substrate on which said optical receiving device and said amplifier are mounted on the same plane; and
a cylindrical coaxial-type package having a central axis that is coaxial with an optical axis of the incident light and including a block-shaped pole on one surface thereof that is perpendicular to the optical axis,
wherein said substrate is formed of any of a Si single crystal, glass, and a ceramic, is provided with a reflective surface for introducing the incident light to the optical receiving device by changing an optical path of the incident light, and is mounted on a lateral surface of the pole.
2. An optical receiver according to claim 1, wherein said substrate is further provided with an optical path groove for incident light.
3. An optical receiver according to claim 2, wherein said optical path groove is formed by etching.
4. An optical receiver according to claim 1, wherein said optical receiving device is mounted on said substrate such that an edge face of said optical receiving device is not extended perpendicular to an optical axis of the incident light.
5. An optical receiver according to claim 1, wherein said optical receiving device is formed of an InGaAs-base material or an InGaAsP-base material, and has a light receiving layer covering a wavelength band from 1 \u03bcm to 1.6 \u03bcm.
6. An optical receiver according to claim 1, wherein said optical receiver is of a pig tail type having said optical fiber at one end thereof.
7. An optical receiver according to claim 1, wherein said optical receiver is of a receptacle type having a connecting portion to an optical connector at one end thereof.