1. A method, comprising:
performing sample rate conversion of a sample series at an input rate to an output rate, the output rate being different from any integer multiple of the input rate, including:
correcting a version of the sample series with timing error information generated by a digital loop, the digital loop locked to a first rate being a multiple of the input rate and clocked at a second rate being a multiple of the output rate, the second rate being different from any integer multiple of the first rate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first rate is the multiple of the input rate, the multiple of the input rate being one, such that the version of the sample series is equal to the sample series at the input rate.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first rate is the multiple of the input rate, the multiple of the input rate being an integer greater than one, such that the version of the sample series is an oversampled version of the sample series at the input rate.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second rate is the multiple of the output rate, the multiple of the output rate being one, such that the second rate is equal to the output rate.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second rate is the multiple of the output rate, the multiple of the output rate being an integer greater than one.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating the version of the sample series by clocking at the second rate, the version of the sample series including timing errors due to clocking at the second rate rather than any integer multiple of the input rate.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said performing further comprises:
correcting amplitudes of the version of the sample series with the timing error information.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating, with arithmetic circuitry, a plurality of modular overflows at an overflow rate adjusted to the first rate locking the digital loop, each of the plurality of modular overflows indicating generation by the arithmetic circuitry of timing error information between the first rate and the second rate.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample series at the input rate is from an SPDIF (SonyPhilips Digital Interface Format) signal.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample rate conversion has a dynamic range limited primarily by input quantization noise.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample rate conversion has a dynamic range limited primarily by input quantization noise, image rejection of an oversampling finite impulse response filter, and image rejection of a downsampling finite impulse response filter.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample rate conversion has a maximum downsampling ratio limited primarily by the output rate.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample rate conversion has a maximum oversampling ratio limited primarily by a rate limitation characterizing logic synthesis of the circuit.
14. A circuit performing sample rate conversion of a sample series at an input rate to an output rate, the output rate being different from any integer multiple of the input rate, comprising:
a digital loop locked to a first rate being a multiple of the input rate and clocked at a second rate being a multiple of the output rate, the second rate being different from any integer multiple of the first rate, including:
frequency detection and low pass filter circuitry; and
variable oscillator circuitry forming the digital loop with the frequency detection and low pass filter circuitry,
wherein the digital loop generates timing error information; and
circuitry correcting the version of the sample series with the timing error information.
15. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the first rate is the multiple of the input rate, the multiple of the input rate being one, such that the version of the sample series is equal to the sample series at the input rate.
16. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the first rate is the multiple of the input rate, the multiple of the input rate being an integer greater than one, such that the version of the sample series is an oversampled version of the sample series at the input rate.
17. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the second rate is the multiple of the output rate, the multiple of the output rate being one, such that the second rate is equal to the output rate.
18. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the second rate is the multiple of the output rate, the multiple of the output rate being an integer greater than one.
19. The circuit of claim 14, further comprising:
circuitry generating the oversampled version of the sample series by clocking at the second rate, the oversampled version including timing errors due to clocking at the second rate rather than any integer multiple of the input rate.
20. The circuit of claim 14, further comprising:
circuitry correcting amplitudes of the oversampled version of the sample series with the timing error information.
21. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the variable oscillator circuitry includes finite modulus arithmetic circuitry.
22. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the digital loop generates timing error information between the input rate and the second rate.
23. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the digital loop generates timing error information between the first rate and the second rate.
24. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the variable oscillator circuitry includes carry adder circuitry, the carry adder circuitry including:
more significant bit circuitry; and
less significant bit circuitry coupled to the more significant bit circuitry, wherein the less significant bit circuitry generates an overflow, the overflow indicating generation by the carry adder circuitry of timing error information between the input rate and the second rate.
25. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the variable oscillator circuitry includes carry adder circuitry, the carry adder circuitry including:
more significant bit circuitry; and
less significant bit circuitry coupled to the more significant bit circuitry, wherein the less significant bit circuitry generates an overflow, the overflow indicating generation by the carry adder circuitry of timing error information between the first rate and the second rate.
26. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the sample series at the input rate is from an SPDIF (SonyPhilips Digital Interface Format) signal.
27. The circuit of claim 14, further comprising an input integrated with the circuit, the input receiving the sample series at the input rate from an SPDIF (SonyPhilips Digital Interface Format) signal.
28. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the circuit has a dynamic range limited primarily by input quantization noise.
29. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the circuit has a dynamic range limited primarily by input quantization noise, image rejection of an oversampling finite impulse response filter, and image rejection of a downsampling finite impulse response filter.
30. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the circuit has a maximum downsampling ratio limited primarily by the output rate.
31. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the circuit has a maximum oversampling ratio limited primarily by a rate limitation characterizing logic synthesis of the circuit.
32. A circuit, comprising:
means for performing sample rate conversion of a sample series at an input rate to an output rate, the output rate being different from any integer multiple of the input rate, including:
means for correcting a version of the sample series with timing error information generated by a digital loop, the digital loop locked to a first rate being a multiple of the input rate and clocked at a second rate being a multiple of the output rate, the second rate being different from any integer multiple of the first rate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for delivering therapeutic cells to the heart of a subject, comprising: a) forming one or more channels within a region of a wall of the subject’s heart which includes a myocardial layer; and b) delivering to said region a composition comprising living cells and a biocompatible matrix that forms in situ upon exposure to a physiological condition, wherein said living cells provide a therapeutic effect.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells provide the therapeutic effect naturally.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are recombinantly engineered to provide the therapeutic effect.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic cells secrete a growth factor.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC or PDGF-DD), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21).
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic cells are contractile cells.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the therapeutic cells are selected from the group consisting of hematopoietic stem cells (including bone marrow, circulating and umbilical cells), mesenchymal stem cells, myoblasts (including skeletal and cardiac myoblasts), satellite cells, embryonic stem cells or progenitor cells (including endothelial progenitor cells and cardiac progenitor cells), cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and skeletal myocytes.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutic cells are obtained from allogeneic, xenogeneic, transgeneic, or autogeneic sources.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological condition is selected from the group consisting of temperature, pH, water content and ion concentration.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the biocompatible matrix is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic paste, an in situ crosslinked system, such as a thermoset or an ion-mediated gelating system; an in situ precipitating system with a sol-gel transition induced by solvent removal, temperature or pH; and an organogel.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises components selected from the group consisting of D,L-lactide, glycolide, \u03b5-caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, dioxanone, ortho esters, poly(ethylene glycol), alginate, sucrose acetate isobutyrate, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(acrylic acid), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), methylcellulose (MC), MC-grafted PNIPAAM, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethyleneglycol) triblocks (PEG-PLA-PEG), PEG-PLA diblock copolymers, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblocks (Pluronics\xae or Poloxamer\xae), capped PEO-PPO-PEO, PEO-poly(L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PEO-PLLGA), PEO-poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PEO-PLGA) block and graft copolymers, PEG-PLGA-PEG, PLGA-PEG-PLGA, poly(organophosphazene)s, chitosan-based and silk-elastin polymers, hydroxypropyl-cellulose (Carbopol\xae), chitosan, peanut oil and waxes.
12. The components of claim 11, wherein the components are modified to facilitate cell adhesion and cell growth.
13. The modifications of claim 12, wherein the modification includes the introduction of RGD-sites.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more therapeutic agents.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutic agent or agents is selected from the group consisting of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC or PDGF-DD), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), estrogen, heparin sulphates and oligomeric regenerating agents (RGTAs).
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a patient suffering from heart disease.
17. A system for delivering therapeutic cells to the heart of a subject, comprising: a) means for forming one or more channels within a region of a wall of the subject’s heart which includes a myocardial layer; (b) means for introducing into said region a composition comprising living cells and a biocompatible matrix that forms in situ upon exposure to a physiological condition, wherein said living cells provide a therapeutic effect.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the channel forming means is selected from the group consisting of laser transmyocardial revascularization, high frequency current transmyocardial revascularization, percutaneous laser myocardial revascularization, high frequency current myocardial revascularization, mechanical transmyocardial revascularization and mechanical percutaneous myocardial revascularization.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the channel forming means comprises a catheter.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the channel forming means comprises a hollow needle.
21. The system of claim 17, wherein the composition introducing means comprises a catheter.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the composition introducing means further comprises a delivery element selected from the group consisting of a hollow needle, a coated delivery surface, a perfusion port and a delivery lumen.
23. The system of claim 17, wherein the subject is a patient suffering from heart disease.