What is claimed is:
1. A method of calibrating measuring machines, comprising the steps of:
positioning a reference device having a sphere within a measurement space by an object three-dimensional measuring machine having a spherical probe;
contacting said spherical probe with six or more measurement points uniformly distributed on the spherical surface of said sphere to measure central coordinates of said sphere of said reference device by said object three-dimensional measuring machine; and
calibrating said object three-dimensional measuring machine based on said central coordinates obtained.
2. The method of calibrating measuring machines according to claim 1, wherein said measurement points distributed on the spherical surface of said sphere locate on vertexes of a regular n-polyhedron (where n8) inscribed in said sphere.
3. The method of calibrating measuring machines according to claim 1, wherein said reference device includes three spheres supported on said support member and not arrayed in line.
4. The method of calibrating measuring machines according to claim 1, wherein said sphere has a diameter almost similar to that of said probe.
5. A method of calibrating measuring machines, comprising the steps of:
positioning a reference three-dimensional measuring machine having a first probing system previously calibrated and an object three-dimensional measuring machine having a second probing system to be calibrated in such a manner that a measurement space by said three-dimensional reference measuring machine is superimposed on a measurement space by said object three-dimensional measuring machine, locating a spherical probe on one of said first and second probing systems and locating a reference device having a sphere on the other of said first and second probing systems;
contacting said spherical probe with six or more measurement points uniformly distributed on the spherical surface of said sphere of said reference device to acquire first measurement values by said reference three-dimensional measuring machine and second measurement values by said object three-dimensional measuring machine; and
calibrating said object three-dimensional measuring machine based on said first and second measurement values.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of extracting hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a hydrocarbon-containing material, comprising a fossil fuel material selected from oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof, the method comprising:
providing a hydrocarbon-extracting fluid consisting essentially of turpentine fluid alone or a combination of a turpentine fluid and a turpentine-miscible second fluid;
contacting oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof with said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid, to form an extraction or separation mixture so as to extract or separate hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof into said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid and form an extraction fluid comprising said turpentine fluid containing the extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter; and
separating said extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a residual material not extracted.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising separating said extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein turpentine-miscible second fluid is a turpentine-miscible solvent.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said contacting occurs in situ.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said in situ contacting is in a natural formation.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said turpentine fluid is selected from the group consisting of: natural turpentine, synthetic turpentine, mineral turpentine, pine oil, \u03b1-pinene, \u03b2-pinene, \u03b1-terpineol, \u03b2-terpineol, 3-carene, anethole, dipentene (p-mentha-1,8-diene), terpene resins, nopol, pinane, camphene, p-cymene, anisaldeyde, 2-pinane hydroperoxide, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene, isobornyl acetate, terpin hydrate, ocimene, 2-pinanol, dihydromycenol, isoborneol, \u03b1-terpineol, alloocimene, alloocimene alcohols, geraniol, 2-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-7,8-epoxyoctane, camphor, p-menthan-8-ol, \u03b1-terpinyl acetate, citral, citronellol, 7-methoxydihydrocitronellal, 10-camphorsulphonic acid, p-methene, p-menthan-8-yl acetate, cintronellal, 7-hydroxydihydrocitronellal, menthol, menthone, polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said turpentine fluid is selected from the group consisting of natural turpentine, synthetic turpentine, mineral turpentine, pine oil, \u03b1-pinene, \u03b2-pinene, \u03b1-terpineol, \u03b2-terpineol, polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the additional step of contacting said extraction or separation mixture with a fluid which is immiscible with said turpentine fluid.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said second fluid is selected from the group consisting of lower aliphatic alcohols, lower alkanes, lower aromatics, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, carbon bisulfide, or vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said second fluid is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentane, heptane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, anathracene, tetraline, triethylamine, aniline, carbon bisulfide, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and canola oil, and mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein said fluid immiscible with the turpentine fluid comprises water or steam.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof and said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid are contacted at a temperature of from about 2\xb0 C. to about 200\xb0 C.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof and said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid are contacted at a pressure of from about 1.0\xd7104 Pascals (0.1 atm) to about 5.0\xd7106 Pascals (50.0 atm).
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing to said extraction mixture a compound selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, metal oxides, metals, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid is \u03b1-terpineol or synthetic turpentine.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid contains no added water.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid contains at least about 70% of said turpentine fluid.
18. The method of claim 2, wherein said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid separated from said extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter is recycled for reuse in said method.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon-extracting liquid consists of a turpentine fluid and a turpentine-miscible second fluid.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of said turpentine fluid to said turpentine-miscible fluid in said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid is greater than or equal to 1:1.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein when said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof is contacted with said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid, a homogeneous one-phase extraction fluid is formed.
22. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of steam soaking said hydrocarbon-containing material or an underground formation containing said hydrocarbon-containing material.
23. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of water-flooding an underground formation containing said hydrocarbon-containing material.
24. A method of extracting hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a hydrocarbon-containing material, comprising a fossil fuel material selected from oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof, the method comprising:
contacting oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof with a hydrocarbon-extracting fluid comprising a turpentine fluid and a turpentine-miscible second fluid, said hydrocarbon-extracting fluid containing no added water, to form an extraction or separation mixture so as to extract or separate hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof into said turpentine fluid and form an extraction fluid comprising said turpentine fluid containing the extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter; and
separating said extracted hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a residual material not extracted, wherein the ratio of said turpentine fluid to said turpentine-miscible second fluid is greater than or equal to 1:1.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the additional step of contacting said extraction or separation mixture with a fluid which is immiscible with said turpentine fluid.
26. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of steam soaking said hydrocarbon-containing material or an underground formation containing said hydrocarbon-containing material.
27. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of water-flooding an underground formation containing said hydrocarbon-containing material.
28. A method of dissolving heavy oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof into a turpentine fluid, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a turpentine fluid selected from the group consisting of natural turpentine, synthetic turpentine, mineral turpentine, pine oil, \u03b1-pinene, \u03b2-pinene, \u03b1-terpineol, \u03b2-terpineol, 3-carene, anethole, dipentene (p-mentha-1,8-diene), terpene resins, nopol, pinane, camphene, p-cymene, anisaldeyde, 2-pinane hydroperoxide, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene, isobornyl acetate, terpin hydrate, ocimene, 2-pinanol, dihydromycenol, isoborneol, \u03b1-terpineol, alloocimene, alloocimene alcohols, geraniol, 2-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-7,8-epoxyoctane, camphor, p-menthan-8-ol, \u03b1-terpinyl acetate, citral, citronellol, 7-methoxydihydrocitronellal, 10-camphorsulphonic acid, p-methene, p-menthan-8-yl acetate, cintronellal, 7-hydroxydihydrocitronellal, menthol, menthone, polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof;
contacting oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof with said turpentine fluid to form an extraction mixture so as to dissolve oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof into said turpentine fluid and form an extraction fluid comprising said turpentine fluid containing the dissolved oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof and at least one non-extracted residual material; and
separating said oil shale, coal, oil (tar) sands, or a combination thereof from said residual material.