1. A linear generator, comprising:
a permanent magnet array having at least two magnets arranged end-to-end;
a set of conductive coils arranged around the permanent magnet array;
a four-phase full wave rectifier configured to accept alternating current inputs from the set of conductive coils and to produce one or more direct current outputs; and
a summing circuit configured to aggregate the one or more direct current outputs from the rectifier to produce a combined, rectified direct current output.
2. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the four-phase full wave rectifier comprises Schottky diodes.
3. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the four-phase full wave rectifier is a bridge rectifier, wherein a first end of each conductive coil in the set of conductive coils is tied together and a second end of each conductive coil feeds a rectifier diode network.
4. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the four-phase full wave rectifier comprises two full wave center tapped rectifier circuits, a first tapped rectifier circuit configured to separate out a positive half cycle for each phase and a second tapped rectifier circuit configured to separate out a negative half cycle for each phase.
5. The linear generator of claim 4, wherein the four-phase full wave rectifier produces a bipolar output.
6. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the summing circuit is a current summing circuit with a plurality of inputs.
7. The linear generator of claim 6, wherein the current summing circuit comprises a set of monolithic direct current to direct current voltage converters connected in series between a pair of current steering Schottky diodes.
8. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the summing circuit is a voltage summing circuit with a plurality of inputs.
9. The linear generator of claim 1, comprising a plurality of sets of conductive coils and a respective rectifier for each set of conductive coils.
10. The linear generator of claim 9, wherein the summing circuit receives inputs from each of the rectifiers.
11. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the set of conductive coils comprises four subsets of a plurality of conductive coils, with each coil being electrically connected in series with the other coils in the respective subset of coils, to the four-phase full-wave rectifier.
12. The linear generator of claim 1, wherein the set of conductive coils comprises a plurality of subsets of four conductive coils, with each subset of four conductive coils feeding a respective four-phase full wave rectifier circuit and summing circuit.
13. The linear generator of claim 12, further comprising a second-layer summing circuit configured to sum outputs of each of the respective summing circuits for the respective subsets of four conductive coils.
14. The linear generator of claim 13, wherein the second-layer summing circuit is a summing circuit with a plurality of inputs configured to produce a single direct current output.
15. An array of linear generators, comprising:
a plurality of individual linear generators, each having a single direct current output and each comprising:
a permanent magnet array having at least two magnets arranged end-to-end;
a set of conductive coils arranged around the permanent magnet array, the set comprising four subsets of a plurality of conductive coils, with each coil being electrically connected in series with the other coils in the respective subset of coils;
a four-phase full wave rectifier configured to accept alternating current inputs from each subset of conductive coils and to produce one or more direct current outputs; and
a summing circuit configured to aggregate the one or more direct current outputs from the rectifier to produce a combined, rectified direct current output.
16. The array of linear generators of claim 15, further comprising an array-level summing circuit configured to aggregate the single direct current outputs of the plurality of individual linear generators to produce a single direct current output for the array.
17. A system of generator arrays, comprising:
a plurality of arrays of linear generators as recited in claim 16; and
a system-level summing circuit configured to aggregate the single direct current outputs for the plurality of arrays to produce a single direct current system output.
18. An array of linear generators, comprising:
a plurality of individual linear generators, each having a single direct current output and each comprising:
a permanent magnet array having at least two magnets arranged end-to-end;
a set of conductive coils arranged around the permanent magnet array, the set comprising a plurality of subsets of four conductive coils each;
a plurality of four-phase full wave rectifiers configured to accept alternating current inputs from a respective subset of four conductive coils and to produce one or more direct current outputs; and
a summing circuit configured to aggregate the one or more direct current outputs from the rectifiers to produce a combined, rectified direct current output.
19. The array of linear generators of claim 18, further comprising an array-level summing circuit configured to aggregate the single direct current outputs of the plurality of individual linear generators to produce a single direct current output for the array.
20. A system of generator arrays, comprising:
a plurality of arrays of linear generators as recited in claim 19; and
a system-level summing circuit configured to aggregate the single direct current outputs for the plurality of arrays to produce a single direct current system output.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
I claim:
1. A chiral ligand that forms a catalyst providing enhanced enantiomeric selectivity in asymmetric reactions, having a structure selected from the group consisting of the enantiomers of the following formulas (I) through (IV):
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wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl, wherein any two of R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be linked to each other to form a ring structure, wherein any two of R5, R6 or R7 may be linked to each other to form a ring structure, and wherein n is 1 or 2.
2. The chiral ligand of claim 1, wherein said ligand is complexed with a transition metal.
3. The chiral ligand of claim 2, wherein said transition metal is selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and palladium.
4. The chiral ligand of claim 1, wherein said ligand is complexed with a transition metal catalyst precursor selected from the group consisting of Rh(cod)CI2, Rh(cod)2X, Ir(cod)CI2, Ir(cod)2X, Ru(cod)C2, where cod is 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and X is BF4, ClO4, SbF6, or CF3SO3.
5. The chiral ligand of claim 1, wherein said ligand is complexed with a transition metal catalyst precursor selected from the group consisting of RuCI2(PPh3)3, RuHCI(PPh3)3, RuX2(PR3)3, RuHX(PR3)3, RuX2, wherein X is halogen and R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group.
6. The chiral ligand of claim 1, wherein said ligand is selected from the group consisting of the following formulas (V) to (XI):
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7. A chiral ligand that forms a catalyst providing enhanced enantiomeric selectivity in asymmetric reactions, said chiral ligand comprising a bis(oxazolinyl) amine.
8. A chiral ligand according to claim 1, wherein said chiral ligand is bis4-(R)-phenyloxazolin-2-yl-methylamine.
9. A process for making a catalyst providing enhanced enantiomeric selectivity in asymmetric reactions comprising reducing an imidate ester with a chiral alcohol to obtain the chiral ligand of claim 1.
10. A process according to claim 9 further comprising complexing said chiral ligand with a catalyst precursor comprising a transition metal.
11. A process for making a catalyst according to claim 10, wherein said catalyst precursor further comprises triphenylphosphine, and wherein said process for making the catalyst includes removing free triphenylphosphine released during complexation of the chiral ligand with the catalyst precursor.
12. A process for making a catalyst according to claim 10, wherein said catalyst precursor and said chiral ligand are refluxed with an alcohol at the reflux temperature of the alcohol.
13. A process for making a catalyst according to claim 10, wherein said transition metal is selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and palladium.
14. A process for making a catalyst according to claim 10, wherein said catalyst precursor is selected from the group consisting of Rh(cod)CI2, Rh(cod)2X, Ir(cod)CI2, Ir(cod)2X, where cod is 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and X is BF4, ClO4, SbF6, or CF3SO3.
15. A process for making a catalyst according to claim 10, wherein said catalyst precursor is selected from the group consisting of RuCI2(PPh3)3, RuHCI(PPh3)3, RuX2(PR3)3, RuHX(PR3)3, RuX2, wherein X is halogen and R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group.
16. A method for enhancing the enantiomeric selectivity of a chemical reaction comprising contacting a substrate with a catalyst comprising the chiral ligand of claim 1.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein said reaction is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenation, hydride transfer reaction, hydrosilylation, hydroboration, hydrovinylation, hydroformylation, hydrocarboxylation, ailylic alkylation, cyclopropanation, Diels-Alder reaction, Aldol reaction, Heck reaction, Michael addition and rearrangement.
18. A method according to claim 17, wherein said reaction is a transfer hydrogenation and said substrate is a ketone or an imine.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the contacting of the substrate with the catalyst further comprises contacting said substrate and said catalyst with a base and wherein the molar ratio of said base to said catalyst is between 0.5 and 2.0.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said molar ratio is approximately 1.0.