1. An apparatus to analyze an object or a scene, comprising:
an uncooled housing having a first window and a second window to pass incoming infrared radiation from the object or the scene through the uncooled housing;
a lens placed in front of the first window to receive the incoming infrared radiation;
a cooled housing placed inside, and being thermally isolated from, the uncooled housing, the cooled housing being cooled below a temperature of the uncooled housing and having a first aperture and a second aperture positioned between the first and second windows of the uncooled housing;
a cooled filter disposed in a tilted position, inside the cooled housing and substantially centered about an optical axis defined by the lens to filter radiation directed between the first window and the second window, the cooled filter being cooled below the temperature of the uncooled housing; and
an uncooled infrared detector placed outside the uncooled housing and located behind the second window in the uncooled housing to receive a spectral range of the incoming infrared radiation from the scene through the lens and the cooled filter wherein the uncooled infrared detector is substantially centered about the optical axis defined by the lens;
wherein the tilted position of the cooled filter relative to the optical axis is selected to deflect parasitic radiation received at the cooled filter, including emitted thermal radiation by the uncooled infrared detector, away from and without returning back to, the uncooled infrared detector and to direct the deflected parasitic radiation to a cooled surface of the cooled housing to be absorbed; and
wherein the cooled housing and the cooled filter in the tilted position collectively minimize a level of parasitic radiation in the apparatus including emitted thermal radiation and thus improve detection by the uncooled infrared detector.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the uncooled infrared detector comprises a matrix sensor array and the first aperture disposed in the cooled housing comprises a lens stop.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cooled rotatable filter wheel operatively coupled to the cooled filter, the cooled rotatable filter wheel comprises several tilted interchangeable cooled optical filters mounted at spaced apart intervals about a circumference of the cooled rotatable filter wheel; wherein the several tilted interchangeable cooled optical filters upon alignment with the windows each transmit a selected spectral range of the incoming infrared radiation.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cooled housing comprises a radiation shield to minimize a level of the infrared radiation reflected from the uncooled housing to the uncooled infrared detector, and to absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the uncooled infrared detector and deflected by the cooled filter.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the cooled housing and the cooled rotatable filter wheel are coupled to a cold source to maintain their low temperature at the desired level.
6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein an axis of rotation of the cooled rotatable filter wheel is mounted in the cooled housing and disposed substantially parallel to the optical axis.
7. A system to measure a multi-spectral, infrared signature from an object or a scene, comprising:
an uncooled housing comprising:
i.) a first window; and
ii.) a second window;
wherein the first window and the second window pass infrared radiation through the uncooled housing and the uncooled housing is free of direct thermal contact with a cooling device;
a lens placed in front of the first window to receive incoming infrared radiation from the scene;
a cooled housing placed inside, and being thermally isolated from, the uncooled housing, the cooled housing being cooled below a temperature of the funcooled housing and comprising:
i.) a first aperture; and
ii.) a second aperture;
cooled filters that are located inside the cooled housing and cooled below the temperature of the uncooled housing, wherein the cooled filters have different transmission spectral bands to select, respectively, radiation in the different transmission spectral bands of the received incoming infrared radiation to transmit;
a mechanism engaged to the cooled filter to adjust positions of the cooled filter to place, one filter at a time, in an optical axis that is formed by the lens and passes through the first and second windows of the uncooled housing and the first and second apertures the cooled housing, wherein each cooled filter when placed in the optical axis is disposed in a tilted position to reduce reflection by the cooled filter towards the second window; and
an uncooled infrared focal plane array located outside the uncooled housing behind the second window to receive a spectral range of the incoming infrared radiation from the scene through the lens that is transmitted by a cooled filter that is placed by the mechanism in the optical axis that is formed by the lens and passes through the first and second windows of the uncooled housing and the first and second apertures of the cooled housing;
wherein the first aperture and the second aperture are positioned between the first and second windows of the uncooled housing; and
wherein the tilted position of each of the cooled filters relative to the optical axis is selected to deflect parasitic radiation, including thermal radiation omitted by the uncooled infrared focal plane array, to direct the deflected parasitic radiation to a cooled surface of the cooled housing to be absorbed and to reflect low level thermal radiation from the cooled housing into the uncooled infrared focal plane array.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first aperture disposed in the cooled housing comprises a lens stop.
9. The system of claim 7, wherein the mechanism engaged to the cooled filters includes a rotatable cooled filter wheel operatively coupled to the cooled filters.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the cooled optical filters are mounted at spaced apart intervals about a circumference of the rotatable cooled filter wheel.
11. The system of claim 7, wherein the cooled housing comprises a radiation shield to minimize a level of reflected infrared radiation from the uncooled housing to the uncooled infrared focal plane array, and to absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the uncooled infrared focal plane array and deflected by a cooled filter that is placed.in the optical axis that is formed by the lens and passes through the first and second windows of the uncooled housing and the first and second apertures of the cooled housing.
12. The system of claim 7, wherein the cooled housing and the rotatable cooled filter wheel are coupled to a cold source to maintain their low temperature at the desired level.
13. The system of claim 7, wherein an axis of rotation of the rotatable cooled filter wheel is mounted in a radiation shield and disposed substantially parallel to the optical axis.
14. The system of claim 9, further comprising a cooling means to maintain the cooled rotatable filter wheel at a desired temperature.
15. The system of claim 9, wherein the tilted position comprises a value selected to minimize parasitic radiation received by the uncooled infrared focal plane array.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A packet communication system comprising:
a plurality of terminals, and
transferring means for transferring multicast packets written with the same information to said plurality of terminals;
wherein said transferring means comprises:
a broadcast group managing router provided with: holding means for holding calculation type addresses having bits 1 corresponding to those of said plurality of terminals to which a multicast packet is to be transferred, respectively; and assigningsending means for assigning a pertinent calculation type address to a multicast packet and sends out the multicast packet; and
at least one calculation type address calculating router provided with: holding means for holding directional route masks having bits 1 corresponding to those directional routes into which a multicast packet is to be transferred, respectively; and sending means for sending out a multicast packet to those directional routes which are given with logical products of 1 by the combination of each directional route mask and said assigned calculation type address; and
wherein each of said plurality of terminals comprises:
holding means for holding a terminal mask having a bit 1 corresponding to the terminal itself; and
multicast packet receiving means for receiving a multicast packet which is given with a logical product of 1 by the combination of said terminal mask and said assigned calculation type address.
2. A mobile communication system comprising:
a mobile terminal;
a plurality of broadcast receiving routers communicated to said mobile terminal via radio link;
encapsulating means for encapsulating a uni-cast packet destined to said mobile terminal into a multicast packet destined to said plurality of broadcast receiving routers; and
transferring means for transferring the multicast packet;
wherein said transferring means comprises:
a mobile terminal position managing router provided with: holding means for holding calculation type addresses having bits 1 corresponding to those of said plurality of broadcast receiving routers to which a multicast packet is to be transferred, respectively; and assigningsending means for assigning a pertinent calculation type address to a multicast packet and sends out the multicast packet; and
at least one calculation type address calculating router provided with: holding means for holding directional route masks having bits 1 corresponding to those directional routes into which a multicast packet is to be transferred, respectively; and sending means for sending out a multicast packet to those directional routes which are given with logical products of 1 by the combination of each directional route mask and said assigned calculation type address; and
wherein each of said plurality of broadcast receiving routers comprises:
holding means for holding a terminal mask having a bit 1 corresponding to the terminal itself;
multicast packet receiving means for receiving a multicast packet which is given with a logical product of 1 by the combination of said terminal mask and said assigned calculation type address; and
de-capsulating means for de-capsulating the received multicast packet into a uni-cast packet destined to said mobile terminal.
3. An addressing method for communication, comprising:
at least one calculation type address having bits 1 corresponding to destinations to which a multicast packet is to be transferred;
at least one directional route mask having bits 1 corresponding to those directional routes into which a multicast packet is to be transferred; and
at least one terminal mask having a bit 1 corresponding to that destination which is to receive the multicast packet.