what is claimed is:
1. A method, executed on a data processing system, of notifying a guarantor of events likely to affect a guaranteed loan, comprising:
providing loan data with information on at least one guaranteed loan wherein the loan data includes information about the loan;
monitoring changes in the loan data;
determining when changes in the loan data corresponding to the at least one guaranteed loan indicates a likelihood that the terms of the loan may not be met; and
providing a notification to the guarantor based on the determination that the loan terms may not be met.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising including in the loan data information on a loan recipient associated with the at least one guaranteed loan.
3. The method of claim 1, after the providing and prior to the monitoring, further comprising determining if loan servicing associated with one of the identified loans includes notifying the guarantor of changes in the loan data.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the determining step further comprises:
comparing threshold values for measuring loan data with actual values in the loan data; and
identifying the at least one guaranteed loan as having a risk of not meeting the loan terms according to the comparison.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising including a maximum loan amount in the threshold values and including an actual total loan amount in the actual loan information.
6. The method of claim 4 further comprising including a maximum time period to make a payment in the threshold values and including a time period no payment has been made against the loan in the actual loan information.
7. The method of claim 4 further comprising including a maximum monthly payment in the threshold values and including an actual monthly payment associated with the loan in the actual loan information.
8. The method of claim 4 further comprising including a minimum credit score to obtain the loan in the threshold values and including an actual credit score for the loan recipient in the actual loan information.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the notifying further comprises transmitting an electronic message to the guarantor including the loan information.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the notifying further comprises transmitting a written notice to the guarantor including the loan information.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the notifying further comprises verbally notifying the guarantor using a telephone and including the loan information
12. An apparatus for notifying a guarantor associated with a guaranteed loan of events likely to affect their interest in the guaranteed loan, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory containing instructions capable of executing on the processor that provide loan data with information on at least one guaranteed loan wherein the loan data includes information on the terms of the loan, monitor changes in the loan data, determine when changes in the loan data corresponding to the at least one guaranteed loan indicates a likelihood that the terms of the loan may not be met, and provide a notification to the guarantor based on the determination that the loan terms may not be met.
13. The apparatus in claim 12 for notifying a guarantor, further comprising instructions for including in the loan data information on a loan recipient associated with the at least one guaranteed loan.
14. The apparatus in claim 12 for notifying a guarantor, further comprising instructions for determining if loan servicing associated with one of the identified loans includes notifying the guarantor of changes in the loan data.
15. The apparatus in claim 12 for notifying a guarantor further comprising instructions that,
compare threshold values for measuring loan data with actual values in the loan data; and
identify the at least one guaranteed loan as having a risk of not meeting the loan terms according to the comparison.
16. The apparatus in claim 15 further comprising instructions for including a maximum loan amount in the threshold values and including an actual total loan amount in the actual loan information.
17. The apparatus in claim 15 further comprising instructions for including a maximum time period to make a payment in the threshold values and including a time period no payment has been made against the loan in the actual loan information.
18. The apparatus in claim 15 further comprising instructions for including a maximum monthly payment in the threshold values and including an actual monthly payment associated with the loan in the actual loan information.
19. The apparatus in claim 15 further comprising instructions for including a minimum credit score to obtain the loan in the threshold values and including an actual credit score for the loan recipient in the actual loan information.
20. The apparatus in claim 12 wherein the notifying further comprises instructions for transmitting an electronic message to the guarantor including the loan information.
21. The apparatus in claim 12 wherein the notifying further comprises instructions for transmitting a written notice to the guarantor including the loan information.
22. The apparatus in claim 12 wherein the notifying further comprises instructions for verbally notifying the guarantor using a telephone and including the loan information.
23. An apparatus for notifying a guarantor of events likely to affect a guaranteed loan, comprising:
a providing module configured to provide loan data with information on at least one guaranteed loan wherein the loan data includes information about the loan;
a monitoring module configured to monitor changes in the loan data;
a determination module configured to determine when changes in the loan data corresponding to the at least one guaranteed loan indicates a likelihood that the terms of the loan may not be met; and
a notification module configured to provide a notification to the guarantor based on the determination that the loan terms may not be met.
24. A computer program product capable of execution on a data processing system and capable of notifying a guarantor of events likely to affect a guaranteed loan, the computer program product comprising program code capable of:
providing loan data with information on at least one guaranteed loan wherein the loan data includes information about the loan;
monitoring changes in the loan data;
determining when changes in the loan data corresponding to the at least one guaranteed loan indicates a likelihood that the terms of the loan may not be met; and
providing a notification to the guarantor based on the determination that the loan terms may not be met.
25. A method, executed on a data processing system, of notifying a guarantor of events likely to affect a guaranteed loan, comprising:
providing loan data with information on at least one guaranteed loan wherein the loan data includes information about the loan;
monitoring changes in the loan data;
determining when changes in the loan data corresponding to the at least one guaranteed loan indicates a possibility that a default on the loan may occur; and
providing a notification to the guarantor based on the determination that a default on the loan may occur.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the information about the loan comprises the terms of the loan.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for time synchronization in a communications network having a first node and at least one second node, comprising:
i) sending, within a synchronization cycle, a synchronization message from the first node to the at least one second node; and
ii) providing, by the first node, a first cycle counter state in accordance with a reference clock frequency and providing, by a respective second node of the at least one second node, a second cycle counter state in accordance with an internal clock frequency;
wherein time synchronization of the respective second node of the at least one second node is implemented such that:
(a) the synchronization message is received at the respective second node;
(b) an estimated first cycle counter state and an estimated compensation factor are estimated for a measured second cycle counter state of the respective second node based on information contained in the received synchronization message by a stochastic state estimator, the estimated first cycle counter state estimating the first cycle counter state of the first node for a point in time at which the synchronization message is received by the respective second node, and the estimated compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to a respective internal clock frequency for the synchronization cycle;
(c) a linear-quadratic regulator is utilized to determine from both the estimated first cycle counter state and the estimated compensator factor a controlled first cycle counter state and a controlled compensation factor based on a controlled system which contains a correction term for the controlled compensation factor as a control variable, the controlled compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to the respective internal clock frequency, and the controlled first cycle counter state indicating a synchronized timing; and
(d) a two-dimensional model is utilized for the stochastic state estimator and the linear-quadratic regulator, the two-dimensional model comprising the estimated first cycle counter and the estimated compensation factor as states.
2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein, in step b), a variation of the compensation factor based on a stochastic process is modeled.
3. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the control variable is updated after each receipt of the synchronization message in the respective second node and supplied to a control loop.
4. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein the control variable is updated after each receipt of the synchronization message in the respective second node and supplied to a control loop.
5. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein the control loop for the linear-quadratic regulator at a time of receipt of the synchronization message in a kth synchronization cycle in an nth second node and immediately before an updating of the manipulating variable is in accordance with the following relationship:
CT
n
\u2061
(
k
)
o
n
\u2061
(
k
)
=
A
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
\u2061
CT
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
o
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
+
0
1
\xb7
u
n
s
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
;
where CTn(k) is the regulated first cycle counter state at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the kth synchronization cycle;
where on (k) is the regulated compensation factor at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the kth synchronization cycle;
where uns(k\u22121) is a correction term for the regulated compensation factor used in a kth synchronization cycle;
where
A
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
=
1
a
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
0
1
;
and
where an(k\u22121) is a time difference between two synchronization messages received sequentially in the specific second node, indicated in second cycle counter states according to an internal clock frequency of the nth second node.
6. The method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the control loop for the linear-quadratic regulator after the updating of the control variable at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the kth synchronization cycle in the nth second node until a next updating of the manipulating variable is in accordance with the following relationship:
CTn(s)=CTn(k)+on(k)\xb7(s\u2212snin(k)));
where CTn(s) is the regulated first cycle counter state at the time of a measured second cycle counter state s of the respective second node between two updates; and where snin(k) is the measured second cycle counter state of the respective second node at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the kth synchronization cycle.
7. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first cycle counter state and the compensation factor are estimated by an estimation procedure comprising a Kalman filter, which estimates as states of the first cycle counter state and the compensation factor at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the respective second node and an associated stochastic variance, and utilizes, as an observable, information contained in the received synchronization message.
8. The method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the information in the synchronization message comprises an estimated first cycle counter state at a time of transmission of the synchronization message in a corresponding respective second node and an associated stochastic variance.
9. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein a state space model is used for the Kalman filter in an nth second node for the kth synchronization cycle in accordance with the following relationship:
M
n
i
\u2062
\u2062
n
\u2061
(
k
)
r
n
\u2061
(
k
)
=
A
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
\u2061
M
n
i
\u2062
\u2062
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
r
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
+
0
1
\xb7
\u03c9
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
;
M
^
n
–
1
out
\u2061
(
k
)
=
1
–
d
^
n
\u2061
(
k
)
\u2061
M
n
i
\u2062
\u2062
n
\u2061
(
k
)
r
n
\u2061
(
k
)
+
v
n
\u2061
(
k
)
;
where Mnin(k) is the first cycle counter state at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the nth second node in the kth synchronization cycle;
where rn(k) is the compensation factor at the time of receipt of the synchronization message in the nth second node in the kth synchronization cycle;
where {circumflex over (M)}n\u22121out(k) is the estimated first cycle counter state at the time of transmission of the synchronization message in one of an nth second node and in the first node in the kth synchronization cycle;
where
A
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
=
1
a
n
\u2061
(
k
–
1
)
0
1
;
where an (k\u22121) is a time difference between two synchronization messages received sequentially in the respective second node, indicated in second cycle counter states according to an internal clock frequency of the nth second node;
where {circumflex over (d)}n(k) is an estimated time delay between the time of transmission of the synchronization message sent out by the nth node and the time of receipt of this synchronization message in the nth second node, indicated in second cycle counter states according to the internal clock frequency of the nth second node;
where vn(k) is a Gaussian noise term representing an observation noise; and
where \u03c9n(k\u22121) is a Gaussian noise term representing a process noise.
10. The method in accordance with claim 9, wherein the estimated first cycle counter state of the subsequent synchronization message in the respective second node and the associated stochastic variance are calculated aided by a node processing time from the first cycle counter state estimated by the Kalman filter and from the compensation factor estimated in a same way at the time of receipt of a synchronization message in the respective second node and from the associated stochastic variance and are inserted into a subsequent synchronization message, a node processing time representing an estimated time lapse in the respective second node between the receipt of the synchronization message received in the respective second node and transmission of the subsequent synchronization message.
11. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the time synchronization is based on one of Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 1588 or IEEE1588v2 or International Electrotechnical Commission 61588 and IEEE 802.1AS standard.
12. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein nodes communicate with one another based on the PROFINET standard.
13. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the method is implemented in an industrial automation system.
14. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein the stochastic process is a Gaussian noise process.
15. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein the control variable is supplied to the control loop via a zero order hold link.
16. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the stochastic state estimator is a Kalman filter.
17. A node for use as a second node in a method for time synchronization in a communications network having a plurality of nodes, each of the plurality of nodes comprising a first node and the node, a synchronization message being sent from the first node to the node within a synchronization cycle, the first node providing a first cycle counter state in accordance with a reference clock frequency and the node providing a second cycle counter state in accordance with an internal clock frequency;
wherein the node is configured to implement time synchronization such that:
(a) the synchronization message is received at the node;
(b) an estimated first cycle counter state and an estimated compensation factor are estimated for a measured second cycle counter state of the node based on information contained in the received synchronization message by a stochastic state estimator, the estimated first cycle counter state estimating the first cycle counter state of the first node for a point in time at which the synchronization message is received by the node, and the estimated compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to a respective internal clock frequency for the synchronization cycle;
(c) a linear-quadratic regulator is utilized to determine from both the estimated first cycle counter state and the estimated compensator factor a controlled first cycle counter state and a controlled compensation factor based on a controlled system which contains a correction term for the controlled compensation factor as a control variable, the controlled compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to the respective internal clock frequency, and the controlled first cycle counter state indicating a synchronized timing; and
(d) a two-dimensional model is utilized for the stochastic state estimator and the linear-quadratic regulator, the two-dimensional model comprising the estimated first cycle counter and the estimated compensation factor as states.
18. A communications network having a plurality of nodes, each of the plurality of nodes comprising a first node and at least one second node, a synchronization message being sent from the first node to the second node within a synchronization cycle, the first node providing a first cycle counter state in accordance with a reference clock frequency and the second node providing a second cycle counter state in accordance with an internal clock frequency, and a respective node of the at least one second node being configured to implement time synchronization that:
(a) the synchronization message is received at the respective second node;
(b) an estimated first cycle counter state and an estimated compensation factor are estimated for a measured second cycle counter state of the respective second node based on information contained in the received synchronization message by a stochastic state estimator, the estimated first cycle counter state estimating the first cycle counter state of the first node for a point in time at which the synchronization message is received by the respective second node, and the estimated compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to a respective internal clock frequency for the synchronization cycle;
(c) a linear-quadratic regulator is utilized to determine from both the estimated first cycle counter state and the estimated compensator factor a controlled first cycle counter state and a controlled compensation factor based on a controlled system which contains a correction term for the controlled compensation factor as a control variable, the controlled compensation factor estimating a duty cycle ratio of the reference clock frequency to the respective internal clock frequency, and the controlled first cycle counter state indicating a synchronized timing; and
(d) a two-dimensional model is utilized for the stochastic state estimator and the linear-quadratic regulator, the two-dimensional model comprising the estimated first cycle counter and the estimated compensation factor as states.
19. The communications network in accordance with claim 18, wherein the communications network is configured such that in step b) a variation of the compensation factor based on a stochastic process is modeled.