1. A bio-toner, comprising:
a bio-resin; a second resin comprising at least one of a styrene acrylate resin or a polyester resin each having at least one molecular weight peak greater than 90,000 and at least one molecular weight peak less than 15,000; and, one or more colorants;
wherein the bio-resin is a polyester polymer comprising one or more reacted di-acid monomer units and one or more reacted diol monomer units; and,
further wherein at least one of the reacted di-acid monomer units or at least one of the reacted diol monomer units is a bio-monomer obtained from a plant or an animal source.
2. The bio-toner of claim 1, further comprising the one or more waxes wherein the one or more waxes is present in an amount of 10% or less by weight, and further wherein the bio-resin and the second resin are present in a total amount of greater than 30% by weight, and the one or more colorants is present in an amount of 60% or less by weight, wherein % by weight is based on the total weight of the bio-resin, the second resin, the one or more waxes, and the one or more colorants.
3. The bio-toner of claim 1, further comprising one or more waxes comprising at least one of an ester-type wax, a hydrocarbon-type wax, and a low molecular weight polyethylene wax.
4. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-resin has a softening point in the range of from about 130 degrees Celsius to about 150 degrees Celsius.
5. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-resin comprises reacted units of at least one of 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; a C18 fatty acid dimerization product of one or more of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid; trimethylol propane; and isosorbide.
6. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-resin contains reacted monomer units that are derived from soy beans or corn.
7. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein at least 5 weight % of at least one of the diol monomer units or at least one of the di-acid monomer units are bio-monomers obtained from a plant or animal source, where weight % is based on the total weight % of the diol monomer units and the di-acid monomer units in the bio-resin.
8. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein at least 5 weight % of at least one of the diol monomer units and at least one of the di-acid monomer units are bio-monomers obtained from a plant or animal source, where weight % is based on the total weight % of the diol monomer units and the di-acid monomer units in the bio-resin.
9. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the second resin has a softening point in a range of from about 120 degrees Celsius to about 160 degrees Celsius.
10. The bio-toner of claim 1, further comprising more than about 30% by weight of a magnetic component, based on a total weight of the bio-toner.
11. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-toner has a cobalt content of less than about 50 parts per million by weight based on a total weight of the bio-toner.
12. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-toner shows at least one optical absorption peak in a wavelength range between about 250 nanometers and about 350 nanometers and between about 450 nanometers and 650 nanometers, when dispersed in methanol (MeOH).
13. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein the bio-toner has at least one peak temperature in a range of from about 60 degrees Celsius to about 130 degrees Celsius in a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement.
14. The bio-toner of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive having a particle size of greater than 30 nanometers.
15. The bio-toner of claim 1, wherein a bio-based content of the bio-toner is at least 15% according to ASTM D6866-08.
16. A method of making a bio-toner comprising:
mixing a bio-resin, a second resin comprising at least one of a styrene acrylate resin or a polyester resin each having at least one molecular weight peak greater than 90,000 and at least one molecular weight peak less than 15,000, and one or more colorants in a mixing apparatus to form a bio-resin mixture;
kneading the bio-resin mixture in an extruder apparatus to form an extruded bio-resin mixture;
pulverizing the extruded bio-resin mixture in a pulverizing apparatus to form a pulverized bio-resin mixture;
classifying the pulverized bio-resin mixture to obtain a classified bio-resin mixture; and,
adding one or more additives to the classified bio-resin mixture to form the bio-toner;
wherein the bio-resin is a polyester polymer comprising one or more reacted di-acid monomer units and one or more reacted diol monomer units, and further wherein at least one of the reacted di-acid monomer units or at least one of the reacted diol monomer units is a bio-monomer obtained from a plant or an animal source.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein a kneading barrel set temperature in the extruder apparatus is greater than a lowest differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) peak temperature of the bio-toner and less than a softening point temperature of the bio-resin.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the mixing further comprises mixing one or more waxes comprising at least one of an ester-type wax, a hydrocarbon-type wax, and a low molecular weight polyethylene wax.
19. A method of forming an image, comprising:
depositing the bio-toner of claim 1 on an outer circumferential surface of an axially rotating developing sleeve to form a bio-toner covered developing sleeve;
distributing the bio-toner over the circumferential surface of the bio-toner covered developing sleeve by contacting or placing in proximity thereto, the bio-toner present on the bio-toner covered developing sleeve with a doctor blade evenly spaced from the circumferential surface and across the width of the circumferential surface of the developing sleeve;
contacting or placing in proximity thereto, the bio-toner present on the circumferential surface of the bio-toner covered developing sleeve with a photoconductive surface having a latent image formed by electrostatically charging the photoconductive surface to form a bio-toner image on the photoconductive surface;
transferring the bio-toner image from the photoconductive surface to a substrate to form a printed image and fusing the printed image onto the substrate; and,
cleaning the surface of the photoconductive surface with a wiper blade to remove a bio-toner residue.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the doctor blade has a hardness of about 10 gram force per millimeter to about 35 gram force per millimeter.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the wiper blade has a hardness of about 150 gram force per millimeter to about 300 gram force per millimeter.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein an image density of a developed image using the bio-toner is greater than about 1.3.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A static culture method of expanding a population of cells with a gas permeable cell culture device having
a growth surface comprised of liquid impermeable gas permeable material, at least a portion of said gas permeable material in contact with ambient gas,
the static culture method comprising:
adding cells and medium into the gas permeable cell culture device, the ratio of the volume of said medium to the surface area of said growth surface being 3 mlcm2 to 20 mlcm2, orienting the gas permeable cell culture device in a position wherein ambient gas suitable for cell culture makes contact with said gas permeable material and cells reside upon at least a portion of said gas permeable material, and
allowing static cell culture for a period of time and not placing additional medium into the gas permeable cell culture device during said period of time, and
said period of time is at least 3 days, and
adding at least one type of cytokine after the onset of static cell culture.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 4 days.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 5 days.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 6 days.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 7 days.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 8 days.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 9 days.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 10 days.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 11 days.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 12 days.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 13 days.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is at least 14 days.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface at the onset of static cell culture is at least 2.0\xd7106 cellscm2.
14. A static culture method of expanding a population of cells with a gas permeable cell culture device having
a growth surface comprised of liquid impermeable gas permeable material, at least a portion of said gas permeable material in contact with ambient gas,
the static culture method comprising:
adding cells and medium into the gas permeable cell culture device, the ratio of the volume of said medium to the surface area of said growth surface being 3 mlcm2 to 20 mlcm2, and
orienting the gas permeable cell culture device in a position wherein ambient gas suitable for cell culture makes contact with said gas permeable material and cells reside upon at least a portion of said gas permeable material, and
allowing static cell culture over a period of time without placing additional medium into the gas permeable cell culture device, and
during said period of time the ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 4\xd7106 cellscm2.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 4.5\xd7106 cellscm2.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 5.0\xd7106 cellscm2.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 5.7\xd7106 cellscm2.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 7\xd7106 cellscm2.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 7.5\xd7106 cellscm2.
20. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 8.1\xd7106 cellscm2.
21. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 8.5\xd7106 cellscm2.
22. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 10\xd7106 cellscm2.
23. The method of claim 14 wherein said ratio of the quantity of cells to the surface area of said growth surface becomes at least 11.0\xd7106 cellscm2.