1. A method for managing data traffic through a network, the data traffic comprised of a plurality of microflows, the method comprising:
determining a capacity of a buffer containing a microflow based on a characteristic;
assigning an acceptable threshold value for the capacity of the buffer over a predetermined period of time;
delegating a portion of available bandwidth in the network to the microflow; and
using the buffer for damping jitter associated with the microflow.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising assigning a data rate value for the microflow to travel through the network.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with guaranteed rate traffic.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with maximum rate traffic.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with available rate traffic.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic is a traffic characteristic.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein delegating the portion of available bandwidth further comprises dynamically setting a weighting factor to partition a bandwidth allocation for the microflow.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising setting a packet discard time limit.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic includes a microflow burst.
10. A system for managing data traffic through a network, the data traffic comprised of a plurality of microflows, the system comprising:
a means for determining a capacity of a buffer containing a microflow based on a characteristic;
a means for assigning an acceptable threshold value for the capacity of the buffer over a predetermined period of time;
a means for delegating a portion of available bandwidth in the network to the microflow; and
a means for using the buffer for damping jitter associated with the microflow.
11. The system of claim 10, further comprising a means for assigning a data rate value for the microflow to travel through the network.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with guaranteed rate traffic.
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with maximum rate traffic.
14. The system of claim 11, wherein the data rate value and the characteristic corresponds with available rate traffic.
15. The system of claim 10, wherein the characteristic is a traffic characteristic.
16. The system of claim 10, wherein the means for delegating the portion of available bandwidth further comprises a means for dynamically setting a weighting factor to partition a bandwidth allocation for the microflow.
17. The system of claim 10, further comprising a means for setting a packet discard time limit.
18. The system of claim 10, wherein the characteristic includes a microflow burst.
19. In a network management system for controlling data traffic through a network, the data traffic comprised of a plurality of microflows, a microflow classification structure to determine data traffic type comprising:
a packet discard time substructure configured to provide a time value to ensure buffer capacity for a microflow;
a weighting factor substructure configured to partition available bandwidth among the plurality of microflows to be transmitted through the network; and
a delay variation substructure configured to provide a buffer value to dampen jitter in a transmission of the microflow.
20. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the packet discard time substructure is configured to address a burst size of a microflow.
21. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the packet discard time substructure, the weighting factor substructure, and the delay variation substructure are quality of service descriptors.
22. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein at least of the wherein the packet discard time substructure, the microflow timeout period substructure, the weighting factor substructure, and the delay variation substructure is used to determine a behavior of a microflow.
23. The microflow classification structure of claim 21, wherein a behavior of the microflow can be characterized as one from a group comprising an available rate traffic, a maximum rate traffic, and a guaranteed rate traffic.
24. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the packet discard time substructure comprises a value of less than 500 milliseconds.
25. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the weighting factor substructure comprises a value of zero.
26. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the weighting factor substructure comprises a value comprised of a percentage of available bandwidth in the network.
27. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, wherein the buffer value for the delay variation substructure is a time value less than 200 milliseconds.
28. The microflow classification structure of claim 19, further comprising a microflow timeout period substructure configured to provide a predetermined value for a duration to detect a microflow termination.
29. The microflow classification structure of claim 28, wherein the predetermined value for the microflow timeout period substructure comprises is less than 32 seconds.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A polyoxometalate electrode, comprising:
an immobilized polyoxometalate layer positioned on an conductive electrode, wherein the immobilized polyoxmetalate layer comprises a polyoxometalate anion chemically bonded to a support substance through a functional entity, wherein the polyoxometalate anion and functional entity are chemically bonded together by one of \u2014O\u2014Si\u2014, \u2014O\u2014P\u2014, \u2014O\u2014Sn\u2014, \u2014O\u2014Ti\u2014, \u2014O\u2014Ge\u2014 and \u2014O\u2014Zn\u2014, wherein the chemical bond linking the support substance and functional entity are chemically bonded together by one of \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CHR1\u2014, \u2014CR1R2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR1\u2014, \u2014N\u2550\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)O\u2014, or \u2014O\u2014, and wherein R1 andor R2 are alkyl or aryl groups, and wherein R1 and R2 are the same or differ.
2. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer further comprises an electrolyte membrane material.
3. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 2, wherein the electrolyte membrane comprises an ionomeric polymer.
4. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate anion comprises addenda- and hetero-elements.
5. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer comprises a film positioned on the conductive electrode.
6. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 5, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer has a thickness, the thickness ranging from about at least about 0.1 micrometers to at most about 5 micrometers.
7. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 5, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer has a platinum loading, the platinum loading ranging from about 0.1 mg Ptcm2 to about 1 mg Ptcm2.
8. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the conductive electrode has an electrical resistance of at most 20 m\u03a9cm2.
9. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate electrode is at least one of a fuel cell anode or cathode.
10. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate electrode is in contact with one of methanol, dimethyl ether, or perfluorosulfonated ionomer.
11. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the conductive electrode comprises a conductive metal or graphitic material.
12. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyozometalate layer substantially comprises a monolayer.
13. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate electrode comprises a capacitor plate.
14. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer comprises substantially monodispersed crystallites having a diameter from about 0.5 \u03bcm to about 2.0 \u03bcm.
15. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer comprises phosphorous.
16. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the immobilized polyoxometalate layer comprises substantially monodispersed crystallites.
17. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, further comprising:
a support catalyst, wherein the support catalyst comprises one of platinum black or reduced platinum salt.
18. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte membrane comprises a perfluorosulfonated ionomer electrolyte membrane.
19. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the conductive electrode comprises one of a graphitized carbon fiber-based non-woven, paper or felt.
20. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 4, wherein the addenda-element is at least one of tungsten, molybdenum, or vanadium.
21. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 4, wherein the hetero-element is at least one of silicon or phosphorous.
22. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the functional entity comprises one of silane, phosphate or phosphate ester, phosphonate or phosphonate ester, or phosphinate or phosphinate ester.
23. The polyoxometalate electrode of claim 1, wherein the support substance comprises carbon black.