What is claimed is:
1. A picture image compression apparatus that compresses data of a picture image to a predetermined target data amount, comprising:
picture image creation means for creating, from the picture image, a reduced-size picture image having a reduced number of picture elements of the picture image;
preliminary compression means for deriving a compression level that compresses the reduced-size picture image to a preliminary compression target data amount that is related to the predetermined target data amount; and
compression means for compressing the data of the picture image to the target data amount using the compression level derived by the preliminary compression means.
2. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the picture image creation means creates a field picture image as the reduced-size picture image.
3. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the picture image creation means creates a thumbnail picture image as the reduced-size picture image.
4. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 3, wherein a plurality of the thumbnail picture images are capable of being displayed in a single-view display.
5. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the preliminary compression means derives the compression level by repeatedly compressing the reduced-size picture image using different compression levels until a compression level is used that results in the preliminary compression target data amount being obtained.
6. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the preliminary compression means and the compression means perform compression by omitting redundant data from the picture image and the reduced-size picture image.
7. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, further comprising data amount determination means for deriving the preliminary compression target data amount from the predetermined target data amount.
8. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 7, wherein the data amount determination means also derives the preliminary compression target data amount from a ratio between data amounts of the picture image and the reduced-size picture image.
9. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the picture image compression apparatus is an electronic camera having picture image input means for photoelectrically converting an object image into the data of the picture image.
10. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount is less than the predetermined target data amount.
11. A picture image compression apparatus that compresses data of a picture image to a predetermined target data amount, comprising:
picture image processor that creates, from the picture image, a reduced-size picture image having a reduced number of picture elements of the picture image;
a compression circuit; and
a controller that uses the compression circuit to derive a compression level that compresses the reduced-size picture image to a preliminary compression target data amount that is related to the predetermined target data amount, the controller then using the compression circuit to compress the data of the picture image to the target data amount using the derived compression level.
12. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 11, wherein the picture image processor creates a field picture image as the reduced-size picture image.
13. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 11, wherein the picture image processor creates a thumbnail picture image as the reduced-size picture image.
14. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 11, wherein the compression circuit performs compression by omitting redundant data from the picture image that is to be compressed.
15. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 14, wherein the compression circuit is a JPEG compression circuit.
16. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 11, wherein the picture image compression apparatus is an electronic camera having a photoelectric converter that converts an object image into the data of the picture image.
17. The picture image compression apparatus of claim 11, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount is less than the predetermined target data amount.
18. A method of determining a compression level to be used to compress data of a picture image to a predetermined target data amount, comprising the steps of:
creating, from the picture image, a reduced-size picture image having a reduced number of picture elements of the picture image; and
deriving the compression level by compressing the reduced-size picture image to a preliminary compression target data amount that is related to the predetermined target data amount.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of compressing the data of the picture image to the target data amount using the derived compression level.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the reduced-size picture image is a field picture image.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the reduced-size picture image is a thumbnail picture image.
22. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of deriving the compression level includes repeatedly compressing the reduced-size picture image using different compression levels until a compression level is used that results in the preliminary compression target data amount being obtained.
23. The method of claim 18, further comprising deriving the preliminary compression target data amount from the predetermined target data amount.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount also is derived from a ratio between data amounts of the picture image and the reduced-size picture image.
25. The method of claim 18, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount is less than the predetermined target data amount.
26. A computer-readable data signal embodied in a carrier wave, the data signal encoded to transmit a control program for determining a compression level to be used to compress data of a picture image to a predetermined target data amount, the control program including instructions for:
creating, from the picture image, a reduced-size picture image having a reduced number of picture elements of the picture image; and
deriving the compression level by compressing the reduced-size picture image to a preliminary compression target data amount that is related to the predetermined target data amount.
27. The data signal of claim 26, wherein the control program further includes instructions for compressing the data of the picture image to the target data amount using the derived compression level.
28. The data signal of claim 26, wherein the creating instruction is to create the reduced-size picture image by creating a field picture image.
29. The data signal of claim 26, wherein the creating instruction is to create the reduced-size picture image by creating a thumbnail picture image.
30. The data signal of claim 26, wherein the instruction to derive the compression level includes an instruction to repeatedly compress the reduced-size picture image using different compression levels until a compression level is used that results in the preliminary compression target data amount being obtained.
31. The data signal of claim 26, further comprising an instruction to derive the preliminary compression target data amount from the predetermined target data amount.
32. The data signal of claim 31, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount also is derived from a ratio between data amounts of the picture image and the reduced-size picture image.
33. The data signal of claim 26, wherein the preliminary compression target data amount is less than the predetermined target data amount.
34. The data signal of claim 26, including a computer-readable recording medium on which the carrier wave is recorded.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of controlling torque of an engine operatively connected to an automatically shiftable transmission during shifting of the automatically shiftable transmission, the method comprising:
determining an engine output torque command value; and
commanding an output torque of the engine in a ramp-like or sloping torque reduction to said engine output torque command value during shifting of the automatically shiftable transmission.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said ramp-like or sloping torque reduction has a slope of between \u22121 Nm per second to \u2212800 Nm per second.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising commanding said output torque of the engine to increase after the shifting has occurred.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining said engine output torque command value includes:
determining a desired torque trajectory of an output shaft of the automatically shiftable transmission;
determining a desired acceleration trajectory of an input shaft of the automatically shiftable transmission; and
applying said desired torque trajectory and said desired acceleration trajectory to an inverse dynamic model of the automatically shiftable transmission to determine said engine output torque command value.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the shifting of the automatically shiftable transmission includes the engagement of an on-coming clutch and wherein the on-coming clutch engagement includes a fill phase, the method further comprising commanding said ramp-like or sloping torque reduction to begin prior to initiation of the fill phase.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the shifting of the automatically shiftable transmission includes the engagement of an on-coming clutch and wherein the on-coming clutch engagement includes a fill phase, the method further comprising commanding said ramp-like or sloping torque reduction to begin after initiation of the fill phase.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the shifting of the automatically shiftable transmission includes the engagement of an on-coming clutch and wherein the on-coming clutch engagement includes an inertial phase where the on-coming clutch gains capacity, the method further comprising commanding said ramp-like or sloping torque reduction to end substantially at the initiation of the inertial phase.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein applying said desired torque trajectory and said desired acceleration trajectory to said inverse dynamic model to determine said engine output torque command includes:
determining a desired output acceleration trajectory based on said desired output torque trajectory; and
applying said desired output acceleration trajectory, said desired torque trajectory and said desired input acceleration trajectory to said inverse dynamic model to determine said engine output torque command.
9. A method of controlling an on-coming clutch pressure and engine output torque during an upshift of an automatically shiftable transmission of a vehicle having an input shaft coupled to an engine and an output shaft coupled to drive the vehicle, the method comprising:
determining a desired torque trajectory of the output shaft;
determining a desired acceleration trajectory of the input shaft;
applying said desired torque trajectory and said desired acceleration trajectory to an inverse dynamic model of the automatically shiftable transmission to determine an engine output torque command value;
commanding engine output torque in a ramp-like or sloping torque reduction in accordance with said engine output torque command value;
applying said desired acceleration trajectory to said inverse dynamic model of the automatically shiftable transmission during an inertial phase of the upshift to obtain an estimated on-coming clutch torque at the commanded engine output torque;
determining a feed-forward clutch pressure command based on said estimated on-coming clutch torque requirement;
determining and on-coming clutch pressure command in accordance with the feed-forward pressure command; and
commanding the on-coming clutch in accordance with said on-coming clutch pressure command.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein applying said desired acceleration trajectory to the inverse dynamic model of the transmission includes:
delaying said commanded engine output torque and said desired acceleration trajectory to determine a delayed desired acceleration trajectory and a delayed commanded engine output torque, respectively; and
applying said delayed desired acceleration trajectory and said delayed commanded engine output torque to said inverse dynamic model to obtain said estimated on-coming clutch torque.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
determining a measured speed of the input shaft;
determining an expected speed of the input shaft; and
adjusting said on-coming clutch pressure command in accordance with a feed-back adjustment based on a deviation of said measured speed from said expected speed to compensate for errors in said dynamic model.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining said expected speed of the input shaft includes:
delaying said output torque trajectory to estimate an expected output torque;
determining an expected input acceleration based on said expected output torque and said engine output torque; and
integrating said expected input acceleration to determine said expected speed of the input shaft.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein applying said desired torque trajectory and said desired acceleration trajectory to said inverse dynamic model of the automatically shiftable transmission to determine said engine output torque command includes:
determining a desired output acceleration trajectory based on said desired output torque trajectory; and
applying said desired output acceleration trajectory, said desired torque trajectory, and said desired input acceleration trajectory to said inverse dynamic model to determine said engine output torque command.
14. A method of controlling engine output torque during an upshift of an automatically shiftable transmission of a vehicle having an input shaft coupled to an engine and an output shaft coupled to drive the vehicle, the method comprising:
determining a desired torque trajectory of the output shaft;
determining a desired acceleration trajectory of the input shaft;
applying said desired torque trajectory and said desired acceleration trajectory to an inverse dynamic model of the automatically shiftable transmission to determine an engine output torque command value;
commanding engine output torque in a ramp-like or sloping torque reduction in accordance with said engine output torque command value; and
wherein said ramp-like or sloping torque reduction has a slope of between \u22121 Nm per second to \u2212800 Nm per second.