1. A method of a host soliciting routers, the method comprising the steps of:
transmitting a router solicitation message including information identifying a current router;
receiving a router advertisement message;
remaining configured for the current router if the router advertisement message is from the current router; and
configuring for a new router if the router advertisement message isn’t from the current router.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the router solicitation message and router advertisement messages each includes a host address, and the method further comprises the step of discarding the router advertisement message if the router advertisement message does not include the host address of the receiving host.
3. A method of a host soliciting routers, the method comprising the steps of:
transmitting a router solicitation message including information identifying a current router and one or more previous routers;
receiving a router advertisement message;
remaining configured for the current router if the router advertisement message is from the current router;
configuring for a previous router of the one or more previous routers if the router advertisement message is not from the current router but is from the one of the one or more previous routers; and
configuring for a new router if the router advertisement message is not from the current router or the one or more previous routers.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the host includes a host address, and the method further comprises the step of discarding the router advertisement message if the router advertisement message does not include the host address of the recovery host.
5. A method according to claim 3, further including the step of arranging the information identifying the one or more previous routers according to a measure of priority.
6. The method of claim 5 further wherein the step of arranging includes giving a higher measure of priority to the one or more previous routers having a more recent time of last connection.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the router solicitation message includes the measure of priority of each of the one or more previous routers.
8. A method of advertising a router, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving a router solicitation message from a host, the solicitation message including information identifying a current router;
determining from the information if the router is the current router;
waiting a first random delay between 0 seconds and a current router maximum delay if the router is the current router;
waiting a second random delay greater than an other router minimum delay if the router is not the identified current router; and
transmitting a router advertisement message.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the router advertisement message includes a target address identifying the host.
10. A method according to claim 8, wherein the current router maximum delay is less than or equal to the other router minimum delay.
11. A method according to claim 8, wherein:
the step of receiving the router solicitation message from the host includes receiving a plurality of router solicitation messages from one or more hosts; and
the router advertisement message includes a plurality of target addresses identifying the one or more hosts.
12. A method according to claim 8, further including the steps of:
initializing a token bucket having a number of tokens no greater than a predetermined maximum;
refilling the token bucket with one or more tokens at a predetermined token refill rate; and
removing one or more tokens before sending each router advertisement message transmission.
13. A method of advertising a router, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving a router solicitation message from a host, the router solicitation message including information identifying a current router and one or more previous routers;
determining from the information if the router is one of the current router or the one or more previous routers;
waiting a first random delay between 0 seconds and a current router maximum delay if the router is the current router;
waiting a second random delay between a previous router minimum delay and a previous router maximum delay if the router is one of the one or more previous routers;
waiting a third random delay greater than an other router minimum delay if the router is not the current router or the one or more previous routers; and
transmitting a router advertisement message after the first, second or third random delay.
14. A method according to claim 13, wherein:
each of the one or more previous routers has a respective measure of priority; and
the previous router minimum delay and the previous router maximum delay are shorter for a previous router of the one or more previous routers having a higher measure of priority and longer for the previous router of the one or more previous routers having a lower measure of priority.
15. A method according to claim 13, wherein:
the current router maximum delay is less than or equal to the previous router minimum delay; and
the other router minimum delay is greater than or equal to the previous router maximum delay.
16. A method according to claim 13, wherein the router advertisement message includes a target address identifying the host.
17. A method according to claim 13, wherein:
the step of receiving the router solicitation message from the host includes receiving a plurality of router solicitation messages from a respective plurality of hosts; and
the router advertisement message includes a plurality of target addresses identifying the plurality of hosts.
18. A method according to claim 13, further including the steps of:
initializing a token bucket having a number of tokens no greater than a predetermined maximum;
refilling the token bucket with one or more tokens at a predetermined token refill rate; and
removing one or more tokens before sending each router advertisement message transmission.
19. A computer network comprising:
one or more hosts that transmit router solicitation messages having information identifying a respective current router; and
one or more routers that receive the router solicitations and reply, according to predetermined criteria, with a router advertisement having information identifying the one or more hosts, wherein routers identified as current routers respond with shorter delay than routers not identified as current routers.
20. A computer network according to claim 19, further including a token bucket having a number of tokens no greater than a predetermined maximum, wherein:
the token bucket is refilled at a predetermined token refill rate; and
one or more tokens are removed for each router advertisement message that is transmitted.
21. A method of advertising a router, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving a router solicitation message from a host having a host address;
determining if the router is one of a current router or an other router for the host;
waiting a first delay if the router is the current router;
waiting a second delay if the router is the other router; and
transmitting a router advertisement message after the first or second delay.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the router advertisement message includes the host address.
23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the first delay is less than the second delay.
24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the router solicitation message includes information identifying the current router, and the determining step includes concluding that the router is the current router if the router matches the information identifying the current router.
25. A method according to claim 21, wherein the determining step includes:
accessing an active hosts list;
concluding that the router is the current router if the received host address is included in the active hosts list; and
concluding that the router is the other router if the received host address is not included in the active hosts list.
26. A method according to claim 21, wherein:
the step of waiting the first delay includes waiting a first random delay less than or equal to a current router maximum delay; and
the step of waiting the second delay includes waiting a second random delay greater than or equal to an other router minimum delay.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the current router maximum delay is less than or equal to the other router minimum delay.
28. A method according to claim 21, wherein the determining step includes determining if the router is a previous router, the method further comprising the step of waiting a third delay if the router is the previous router;
wherein the first delay is less than the third delay, and the third delay is less than the second delay.
29. A method according to claim 28, wherein:
the router solicitation message includes information identifying the current router and further information identifying one or more previous routers; and
the determining step includes
concluding that the router is the current router if the router conforms to the information identifying the current router from the router solicitation message,
concluding that the router is the previous router if the router conforms to the further information identifying one of the one or more previous routers from the router solicitation message, and
concluding that the router is an other router if the router does not conform to the information or the further information.
30. A method according to claim 28, wherein the determining step includes:
accessing an active hosts list and an access log;
concluding that the router is the current router if the host address is included in the active hosts list;
concluding that the router is the previous router if the host address is included in the access log and not included in the active hosts list;
concluding that the router is an other router if the host address is not included in the access log.
31. A method according to claim 28, wherein the step of:
waiting the first delay includes waiting a first random delay less than or equal to a current router maximum delay;
waiting the third delay includes waiting a third random delay between a previous router minimum delay and a previous router maximum delay.
waiting the second delay includes waiting a second random delay greater than or equal to an other router minimum delay.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the current router maximum delay is less than or equal to the previous router minimum delay, and the other router minimum delay is greater than or equal to the previous router maximum delay.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A compound of Formula (I)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Ar1 is selected from naphthyl and phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, and cyano; or
Ar1 is
Ar2 is selected from hydrogen, phenyl, naphthyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, and quinolinyl, wherein the phenyl, naphthyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, and quinolinyl are each substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and halo;
R1 is selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, and haloalkoxy; and
R2 and R3 are each lower alkyl; or
R2 and R3, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 5-membered carbocyclic ring optionally containing an oxygen atom.
2. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 and R3, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 5-membered carbocyclic ring optionally containing an oxygen atom.
3. A compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar1 is naphthyl.
4. A compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is halo and Ar2 is hydrogen.
5. A compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar1 is
6. A compound of claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is halo and Ar2 is hydrogen.
7. A compound of claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is hydrogen and Ar2 is phenyl optionally substituted with two halo groups.
8. A compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar1 is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, and cyano.
9. A compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is halo and Ar2 is hydrogen.
10. A compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is hydrogen and Ar2 is selected from phenyl, pyrimidinyl, and thiazolyl, wherein the phenyl, pyrimidinyl, and thiazolyl are substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and halo.
11. A compound selected from:
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(2\u2032,4\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(3,4-dichloro-N-(1-(2\u2032,4\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3-bromophenyl)cyclobutyl)-3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(3,4-dichloro-N-(1-(2\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(4-(2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl)phenyl)cyclobutyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(biphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4\u2032-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(4\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(3\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(2\u2032-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(5\u2032-chloro-2\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)cyclobutyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(2-chloro-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(3-chloro-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-chloro-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(2-cyano-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(3-cyano-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-cyano-N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)-2-methoxyphenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclobutyl)-3-methoxyphenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopentyl)-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopentyl)-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(3-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-4-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3\u2032,5\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-3-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy) phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-3-yl)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(2\u2032,4\u2032-dichlorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy) phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(biphenyl-3-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-(1-(2\u2032-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)cyclopropyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(3-bromophenyl)cyclopropyl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopentyl)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)acetic acid;
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopentyl)-4-methylphenylsulfonamido)acetic acid; and
2-(N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopentyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonamido)acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
12. A composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.