What is claimed is:
1. A fluxing underfill composition, comprising:
(a) an epoxy resin component;
(b) an acidic fluxing agent component;
(c) an anhydride component; and
(d) a latent curing agent component comprising a complex of a portion of the acidic fluxing agent and a salt of a nitrogen-containing component.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the anhydride compounds may be selected from the group consisting of hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrol)-3-methyl -3-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing component is a member selected from the group consisting of amine compounds, amide compounds, imidazole compounds, and combinations thereof.
4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the amine compounds of the curing agent component may be selected from the group consisting of 1,5-diazabicyclo 3.4.0non-5-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo5.4.0undec-7-ene, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo4.4.0dec-5-ene, quinuclidine, 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2octane, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethylaminopropylamine, m-xylenediamine, diaminodiphenylamine, isophoronediamine, menthenediamine, quinoxaline, and combinations thereof.
5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the amide compound is dicyandiamide.
6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the imidazole compounds may be selected from the group consisting of imidazole, isoimidazole, 2-methyl imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, 2,4-dimethylimidazole, butylimidazole, 2-heptadecenyl-4-methylimidazole, 2-methyl imidazole, 2-undecenylimidazole, 1-vinyl-2-methylimidazole, 2-n-heptadecylimidazole, 2-undecylimidazole, 2-heptadecylimidazole, 2-ethyl 4-methylimidazole, 1-propyl-2-methylimidazole, 1-cyanoethyl-2-methylimidazole, 1-cyanoethyl-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, 1-cyanoethyl-2-undecylimidazole, 1-cyanoethyl-2-phenylimidazole, 1-guanaminoethyl-2-methylimidazole, additional products of an imidazole and trimellitic acid, 2-n-heptadecyl-4-methylimidazole, phenylimidazole, benzylimidazole, 2-methyl-4,5-diphenylimidazole, 2,3,5-triphenylimidazole, 2-styrylimidazole, 1-(dodecyl benzyl)-2-methylimidazole, 2-(2-hydroxyl-4-t-butylphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole, 2-(2-methoxyphenyl) -4,5-diphenylimidazole, 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole, di(4,5-diphenyl-2-imidazole)-benzene-1,4, -2-naphthyl-4,5-diphenylimidazole, 1-benzyl-2-methylimidazole, 2-p-methoxystyrylimidazole, and combinations thereof.
7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is in the form of a salt with an acid.
8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the acid is a strong acid.
9. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the acid is a weak acid.
10. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the acid has a pKa value within the range of about 2.8 to about 10.
11. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound has a pKb value within the range of about 0.5 to about 9.5.
12. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the acid is a member selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, halogenated acetic acids, phenols, aromatic sulfonic acids and combinations thereof.
13. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising an adhesion promoter.
14. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the adhesion promoter is a member selected from the group consisting of glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, gamma-amino propyl triethoxysilane, and combinations thereof.
15. The composition according to claim 1, wherein cured reaction products thereof are capable of sealing the space between a semiconductor device including a semiconductor chip mounted on a carrier substrate and a circuit board to which said semiconductor device is electrically interconnected or a semiconductor chip and a circuit board to which said semiconductor chip is electrically interconnected, while providing electrical conduction between the semiconductor chip and circuit board or semiconductor device and circuit board.
16. The composition according to claim 11, capable of curing during a solder reflow cycle and allowing for electrical conductivity between the semiconductor device and the circuit board or the semiconductor chip and the circuit board.
17. The composition according to claim 1, capable of curing (a) after exposure to the following timetemperature profile: up to about 60 seconds at about 30 C. to about 150 C., about 60 seconds to about 175 seconds at about 150 C. to slightly greater than 180 C., and (b) during exposure to a timetemperature profile of about 175 seconds to about 205-265 seconds at slightly greater than 180 C. to about 220 C. 10C.
18. Reaction products formed from the compositions according to claim 1.
19. An electronic device comprising a semiconductor device and a circuit board to which said semiconductor device is electrically connected or a semiconductor chip and a circuit board to which said semiconductor chip is electrically connected, assembled using a fluxing underfill composition according to claim 1 to flux the electrical interconnection and seal the space between the semiconductor device and the circuit board or the semiconductor chip and the circuit board, respectively.
20. The electronic device according to claim 19, wherein when cured to reaction products the device demonstrates electrical conductivity.
21. A method of assembling an electronic device by fluxing electrical interconnections and sealing underfilling between a semiconductor device including a semiconductor chip mounted on a carrier substrate and a circuit board to which said semiconductor device is electrically interconnected or a semiconductor chip and a circuit board to which said semiconductor chip is electrically interconnected, the steps of which comprise:
(a) dispensing into the underfilling between the semiconductor device and the circuit board or the semiconductor chip and the circuit board a composition according to claim 1; and
(b) exposing the composition as so dispensed to conditions appropriate to cause the composition to cure into reaction products, wherein when cured to the reaction product the electronic device demonstrates electrical conductivity.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for determining when to transmit a probe packet to detect increases in path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) in a network having a host system and a target system interconnected by the network, comprising:
calculating a utility variable corresponding to a number of packets to be transmitted from the host system to the target system which are greater than a predetermined amount of a known PMTU for the target system, the calculating including retrieving from a destination cache, a learned path maximum transmission unit (LPMTU) and a previous path maximum transmission unit (PPMTU) corresponding to a route to the target system and comparing a size of each packet to be transmitted from the host system to the target system with the LPMTU for the target system, and for each packet exceeding a threshold packet size, incrementing the utility variable; and
when the utility variable is greater than a predetermined utility threshold, sending instructions to the host system to send a probe packet to detect increases in PMTU for the target system.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising resetting the utility variable to zero, when a probe packet is sent to the target system.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when an error message relating to the probe packet is received and when the error message contains a suggested maximum transmission unit (NEWMTU) and when LPMTU<PPMTU<Immediately Connected link MTU, setting in the destination cache the PPMTU to the LPMTU, and setting the LPMTU to the NEWMTU for the corresponding target system.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when a pre-defined time period has elapsed and when no error message relating to the probe packet is received, setting in the destination cache the PPMTU to the LMPTU and setting the LPMTU to the size of the probe packet for the corresponding target system.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the utility variable exceeds the predetermined utility threshold and when the PPMTU is greater than the LPMTU, the size of the probe packet is equal to the PPMTU.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the utility variable exceeds the predetermined utility threshold and when the PPMTU is less than or equal to the LPMTU, the size of the probe packet is equal to the link MTU of a directly connected link.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold packet size is configurable.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined utility threshold is configurable.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising resetting the utility variable to zero, when the LPMTU changes for the corresponding target system.
10. A method for determining when to transmit a probe packet to detect increases in path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) in a network having a host system and a target system interconnected by the network, comprising:
starting a first timer;
retrieving from a destination cache, a learned path maximum transmission unit (LPMTU) and a previous path maximum transmission unit (PPMTU) corresponding to a route to the target system;
comparing a size of each packet to be transmitted from the host system to the target system with the LPMTU for the target system;
maintaining a count of the amount of packets exceeding a threshold packet size;
when the count exceeds a pre-determined action level, setting a status flag in the destination cache corresponding to the target system to PROBE;
when the first timer reaches a pre-determined event time, examining the destination cache for status flags set to PROBE, and for each status flag set to PROBE transmitting a probe packet to the corresponding target system and resetting the count to zero and starting a second timer;
when an error message relating to the probe packet is received and when the error message contains a suggested maximum transmission unit (NEWMTU), setting in the destination cache the PPMTU to the LPMTU, the status flag to ACTIVE, and the LPMTU to the NEWMTU for the corresponding target system, and resetting the count to zero and terminating the second timer; and when the second timer reaches a pre-determined timeout level, setting in the destination cache the PPMTU to the LPMTU, the status flag to ACTIVE, and the LPMTU to the size of the probe packet for the corresponding target system, and resetting the count to zero and terminating the second timer.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
when the target system is unreachable, setting in the destination cache the status flag corresponding to the target system to STALE; and
when the target system is reachable and the status flag in the destination cache for the corresponding target system is set to STALE, setting the LPMTU to the PPMTU, and the status flag to ACTIVE for the corresponding target system, and resetting the count to zero.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the threshold packet size is configurable.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the predetermined action level is configurable.
14. A computer program product, comprising:
a computer usable medium having computer readable code embodied therein capable of determining when to transmit a probe to detect increases in path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) in a network having a host system and a target system interconnected by a network, comprising:
a first code portion configured to calculate a utility variable corresponding to a number of packets to be transmitted from the host system to the target system which are greater than a predetermined amount of a known PMTU for the target system, the first code portion configured to retrieve from a destination cache, a learned path maximum transmission unit (LPMTU) and a previous path maximum transmission unit (PPMTU) corresponding to a route to the target system and to compare a size of each packet to be transmitted from the host system to the target system with the LPMTU for the target system; and
a second code portion configured to send instructions to the host system to send a probe to detect increases in PMTU for the target system, when the utility variable is greater than a predetermined utility threshold.
15. A mechanism configured to determine when to transmit a probe packet to detect increases in path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) in a network having a host system and a target system interconnected by the network, comprising:
a mechanism configured to start a first timer;
a mechanism configured to retrieve from a destination cache, a learned path maximum transmission unit (LPMTU) and a previous path maximum transmission unit (PPMTU) corresponding to a route to the target system;
a mechanism configured to compare a size of each packet to be transmitted from the host system to the target system with the LPMTU for the target system;
a mechanism configured to set in the destination cache a status flag corresponding to the target system to PROBE, when the count exceeds a pre-determined action level;
a mechanism configured to examine the destination cache for status flags set to PROBE, when the first timer reaches a pre-determined event time, and wherein the mechanism is further configured to transmit a packet probe to the corresponding target system for each status flag set to PROBE, reset the count to zero and start a second timer;
a mechanism configured to set the PPMTU to the LPMTU, when an error message containing a suggested maximum transmission unit (NEWMTU), and wherein the mechanism is further configured to set the status flag corresponding to the target system to ACTIVE, set the LPMTU to the NEWMTU, and reset the count to zero and terminate the second timer; and
a mechanism configured to set the PPMTU to the LPMTU, when the second timer reaches a pre-determined timeout level, and wherein the mechanism is further configured to set the status flag to ACTIVE and the LPMTU to the size of the probe packet for the corresponding target system, and reset the count to zero and terminate the second timer.
16. The mechanism of claim 15, further comprising:
a mechanism to set the status flag corresponding to the target system to STALE, when the target system becomes unreachable; and
a mechanism to set the LPMTU to the PPMTU, when the target system is reachable and when the status flag is set to STALE, and wherein the mechanism is further configured to set the status flag for the corresponding target system to ACTIVE and reset the count to zero.
17. A method for optimizing path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) in a network having a host system and a target system interconnected by a network, wherein the target system is temporarily unreachable, comprising:
calculating a utility variable corresponding to a number of packets to be transmitted from the host system to the target system which are greater than a predetermined amount of a known PMTU for the target system, the calculating including retrieving from a destination cache, a learned path maximum transmission unit (LPMTU) and a previous path maximum transmission unit (PPMTU) corresponding to a route to the target system and comparing a size of each packet to be transmitted from the host system to the target system with the LPMTU for the target system and for each packet exceeding a threshold packet size, incrementing the utility variable; and
when the target system becomes reachable, setting the LPMTU to the PPMTU.
18. The method of claim 17, further including
transmitting a probe packet to the target system, wherein the probe packet is the size of the PPMTU.