What is claimed is:
1. An oral formulation, comprising:
(a) a first population of carrier particles comprising said drug and a bioadhesive compound; and
(b) a second population of carrier particles comprising a penetration enhancer.
2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said drug is selected from the group consisting of a protein, peptide, nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, peptide hormone, antibiotic, antimicrobial agent, vasoconstrictor, cardiovascular drug, vasodilator, enzyme, bone metabolism controlling agent, steroid hormone, antihypertensive, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, antihistamine, antitussive, expectorant, chemotherapeutic agent, sedative, antidepressant, beta-blocker, analgesic and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein said oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide.
4. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid, bile acid, chelating agent and non-chelating non-surfactant.
5. The formulation of claim 4, wherein said fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of arachidonic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, a monoglyceride and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
6. The formulation of claim 4, wherein said bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate, sodium glycodihydrofusidate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and a pharmaceutically acceptable acceptable salt thereof.
7. The formulation of claim 4, wherein said chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of EDTA, citric acid, a salicylate, an N-acyl derivative of collagen, laureth-9, an N-amino acyl derivative of a beta-diketone and a mixture thereof.
8. The formulation of claim 4, wherein said non-chelating non-surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated cyclic urea, 1-alkyl-alkanone, 1-alkenylazacycloalkanone, steroid anti-inflammatory agent and mixtures thereof.
9. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said formulation is a capsule, tablet, compression coated tablet or bilayer tablet.
10. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said bioadhesive is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic polymers, poly(acrylic acid), tragacanth, cellulose, polyethyleneoxide cellulose derivatives, karya gum, starch, gelatin pectin, latex, chitosan, sodium alginate and a receptor-binding peptide.
11. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said cellulose derivative is selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCPC).
12. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said first population of carrier particles andor said second population of carrier particles further comprise a lubricant.
13. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said first population of carrier particles andor said second population of carrier particles are enteric coated.
14. The formulation of claim 1, wherein said carrier particles are incorporated into an oral dosage form.
15. The formulation of claim 14, wherein said oral dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a tablet, capsule and gelcap.
16. A method for enhancing the intestinal absorption of a drug in an animal, comprising orally administering the formulation of claim 1 to said animal.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said animal is a mammal.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein said mammal is a human.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein said first population of carrier particles and said second population of carrier particles are administered separately.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein said first population of carrier particles and said second population of carrier particles are administered in a single dosage form.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein said drug is selected from the group consisting of a protein, peptide, nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, peptide hormone, antibiotic, antimicrobial agent, vasoconstrictor, cardiovascular drug, vasodilator, enzyme, bone metabolism controlling agent, steroid hormone, antihypertensive, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, antihistamine, antitussive, expectorant, chemotherapeutic agent, sedative, antidepressant, beta-blocker, analgesic and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein said penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid, bile acid, chelating agent and non-chelating non-surfactant.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein said said bioadhesive is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic polymers, poly(acrylic acid), tragacanth, cellulose, polyethyleneoxide cellulose derivatives, karya gum, starch, gelatin pectin, latex, chitosan, sodium alginate and a receptor-binding peptide.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein said oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A system of ranking entities using reputation or influence scores, comprising:
one or more processors that determines reputation scores for one or more subjects based on connections, the reputation scores indicating reputations of the subjects;
one or more processors that use a plurality of citations, each citation representing an online posting of an expression of opinion by a subject on an object, wherein the subject is representative of a user;
one or more processors that select a subset of citations for each object from the citations citing each object, the content of the citations in the selected subset matching one or more of search terms for a search query;
one or more processors that assign citation scores to a subset of a plurality of objects, the citation scores indicating relevance of the objects cited by citations and are determined based at least in part on matching one or more search terms with the content of the citations of the objects by the one or more subjects, the selection scores for an object being determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object;
one or more processors that combine the citation scores for the objects and the reputation scores for the subjects citing the objects to calculate selection scores for the objects determined based on matching of the one or more search terms with the content of the citations, the selection scores for an object determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object, with the subjects in the subset being the subjects of previously selected subsets of citations to each object, a different selection score computed for the same object when a different search query is provided; and
one or more processors that select and rank the objects based on the selection scores of the objects, a different ranking computed for a same set or overlapping sets of objects when the search query is different.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein a different subset of citations being selectable for a same object when a different search query is provided.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the subjects in the subset of subjects are the subjects of previously selected subsets of citations to each object.
4. The system recited in claim 1, wherein the objects include books, films, music, documents, websites, objects for sale, objects that are reviewed or recommended or cited, or any entities that are associated with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), wherein the subjects include entities representing authors of Internet content or users of social media services.
5. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that receive descriptive criteria from a user.
6. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that receive search terms, wherein the search terms are provided in a search query, and wherein the search terms are included in the descriptive criteria.
7. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that display a subset of top ranked objects based on the selection scores.
8. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that receive search terms, wherein the search terms are provided in a search query; and
one or more processors that display a subset of top ranked objects based on the selection scores, wherein the top ranked objects based on the selection scores provide a subjective based search result.
9. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that determine a content score for an object based on the description criteria; wherein the selection score is based on the citation score, the subjective reputation score, and the content score.
10. The system recited in claim 1, further comprising:
one or more processors that determine an expertise score for each subject citing each object based on a second descriptive criteria, wherein the selection score is based on the citation score, the subjective reputation score, and the expertise score.
11. A method of ranking entities using reputation or influence scores, comprising:
using a processor to determine reputation scores for one or more subjects based on connections, the reputation scores indicating reputations of the subjects;
providing a plurality of citations, each citation representing an online posting of an expression of opinion by a subject on an object, wherein the subject is representative of a user;
using a processor to select a subset of citations for each object from the citations citing each object, the content of the citations in the selected subset matching one or more of search terms for a search query;
assigning citation scores to a subset of a plurality of objects, the citation scores indicating relevance of the objects cited by citations and are determined based at least in part on matching one or more search terms with the content of the citations of the objects by the one or more subjects, the selection scores for an object being determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object;
combining the citation scores for the objects and the reputation scores for the subjects citing the objects to calculate selection scores for the objects determined based on matching of the one or more search terms with the content of the citations, the selection scores for an object determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object, with the subjects in the subset being the subjects of previously selected subsets of citations to each object, a different selection score computed for the same object when a different search query is provided; and
selecting and ranking the objects based on the selection scores of the objects, a different ranking computed for a same set or overlapping sets of objects when the search query is different.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein a different subset of citations being selectable for a same object when a different search query is provided.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the subjects in the subset of subjects are the subjects of previously selected subsets of citations to each object.
14. The method recited in claim 11, wherein the objects include books, films, music, documents, websites, objects for sale, objects that are reviewed or recommended or cited, or any entities that are associated with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), wherein the subjects include entities representing authors of Internet content or users of social media services.
15. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
receiving descriptive criteria from a user.
16. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
receiving search terms, wherein the search terms are provided in a search query, and wherein the search terms are included in the descriptive criteria.
17. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
displaying a subset of top ranked objects based on the selection scores.
18. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
receiving search terms, wherein the search terms are provided in a search query; and
displaying a subset of top ranked objects based on the selection scores, wherein the top ranked objects based on the selection scores provide a subjective based search result.
19. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
determining a content score for an object based on the description criteria;
wherein the selection score is based on the citation score, the subjective reputation score, and the content score.
20. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:
determining an expertise score for each subject citing each object based on a second descriptive criteria, wherein the selection score is based on the citation score, the subjective reputation score, and the expertise score.
21. A non-transitory machine-readable medium containing executable program instructions which when executed by a data processing device cause the device to perform a method of ranking entities using reputation or influence scores, comprising:
using a processor to determine reputation scores for one or more subjects based on connections, the reputation scores indicating reputations of the subjects;
providing a plurality of citations, each citation representing an online posting of an expression of opinion by a subject on an object, wherein the subject is representative of a user;
using a processor to select a subset of citations for each object from the citations citing each object, the content of the citations in the selected subset matching one or more of search terms for a search query;
assigning citation scores to a subset of a plurality of objects, the citation scores indicating relevance of the objects cited by citations and are determined based at least in part on matching one or more search terms with the content of the citations of the objects by the one or more subjects, the selection scores for an object being determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object;
combining the citation scores for the objects and the reputation scores for the subjects citing the objects to calculate selection scores for the objects determined based on matching of the one or more search terms with the content of the citations, the selection scores for an object determined for each search query based on a subset of subjects citing the object, with the subjects in the subset being the subjects of previously selected subsets of citations to each object, a different selection score computed for the same object when a different search query is provided; and
selecting and ranking the objects based on the selection scores of the objects, a different ranking computed for a same set or overlapping sets of objects when the search query is different.