1. A method, comprising:
receiving an Ethernet frame;
processing a layer 2 frame header of the received Ethernet frame;
classifying the received Ethernet frame based on one of a set three priority bits in a tag field of the layer 2 frame header of the received Ethernet frame;
determining a per-hop behavior based on the classification;
determining a presence of congestion based on the other two of the set of three priority bits;
allocating a link bandwidth among multiple virtual local area networks (VLANs) based on the per-hop behavior; and
throttling traffic until congestion abates.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising conditioning the frame.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning includes determining a forwarding treatment for the frame based on the per-hop behavior.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein determining a forwarding treatment for the frame includes determining a discard treatment.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the forwarding treatment is based on an Ethernet differentiated services class specified by the one of the set of three priority bits used for the classifying.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the Ethernet differentiated services class includes at least one of Ethernet expedited forwarding, Ethernet assured forwarding, Ethernet class selector, and Ethernet default forwarding.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning includes determining a bandwidth profile based on the classification.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising metering the frame based on the bandwidth profile.
9. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning comprises marking a header of the frame with a per-hop-behavior indication.
10. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning comprises setting the priority bits in the frame to a particular combination.
11. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning comprises mapping the per-hop behavior of the frame between multiple domains.
12. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning comprises mapping the Ethernet per-hop behaviors to a set of indicator bits in a frame according to a different network protocol.
13. The method of claim 2, wherein conditioning includes encapsulating the frame for delivery on a core node.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising forwarding the frame based on the determined per-hop behavior.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the congestion indication includes at least one of a forward congestion indication and a backward congestion indication.
16. A device, comprising:
input circuitry configured to receive an Ethernet frame; and
a networking circuitry configured to:
process a layer 2 frame header of the received Ethernet frame;
classify the received Ethernet frame based on one of a set of three priority bits in a tag field of the layer 2 frame header of the received Ethernet frame, the classification including determining a per-hop behavior based on the classification;
determine a presence of congestion based on the other two of the set of three priority bits;
allocate a link bandwidth among multiple virtual local area networks (VLANs) based on the per-hop behavior; and
throttle traffic until congestion abates.
17. The device of claim 16, wherein the networking circuitry is further configured to condition the frame.
18. The device of claim 16, further comprising circuitry configured to determine a bandwidth profile based on the classification.
19. The device of claim 16, further comprising marker circuitry configured to mark the frame header with a particular per-hop-behavior indication.
20. The device of claim 19, further comprising a shaper circuitry configured to receive a frame from the marker circuitry and determine a behavior based on the per-hop behavior.
21. The device of claim 20, wherein the shaper circuitry includes a dropper circuit.
22. The device of claim 19, wherein the marker circuitry is configured to set the priority bits in the frame to a particular combination.
23. The device of claim 16, further comprising frame meter circuitry.
24. The device of claim 23, wherein the frame meter circuitry is configured to determine temporal properties of a set of frames.
25. The device of claim 16, further comprising circuitry configured to map the per-hop behavior of the frame between the multiple VLANs.
26. The device of claim 16, wherein the networking circuitry is configured to encapsulate the frame for delivery on a core node.
27. The device of claim 16, wherein the networking circuitry is configured to set a set of bits included in the frame to a particular combination based on the determined per hop behavior.
28. The device of claim 16, wherein the networking circuitry is configured to determine a forwarding treatment for the frame based on the per-hop behavior.
29. The device of claim 16, wherein the Ethernet frame includes a canonical format indicator bit providing a class of service indication.
30. A computer program product, tangibly embodied in a non-transient computer readable storage medium, for executing instructions on a processor, the computer program product comprising instructions to cause a machine to:
receive an Ethernet frame;
process a layer 2 frame header of the Ethernet frame;
classify the Ethernet frame based on one of a set of three priority bits in a tag field of the layer 2 frame header of the received Ethernet frame;
determine a per-hop behavior based on the classification;
determine a presence of congestion based on the other two of the set of three priority bits;
allocate a link bandwidth among multiple virtual local area networks (VLANs) based on the per-hop behavior; and
throttle traffic until congestion abates.
31. The computer program product of claim 30, further comprising instructions to cause a machine to condition the frame based on the per-hop behavior.
32. The computer program product of claim 31, wherein instructions to cause a machine to condition the frame include instructions to cause a machine to determine a forwarding treatment for the frame based on the per-hop behavior.
33. The computer program product of claim 31, wherein instructions to cause a machine to condition the frame include instructions to cause a machine to mark a header of the frame with a per-hop behavior indication.
34. The computer program product of claim 31, further comprising instructions to cause a machine to forward the frame based on the determined per-hop behavior.
35. The computer program product of claim 31, wherein instructions to cause a machine to condition the frame include instructions to cause a machine to set the priority bits in the frame to a particular combination.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A microactuator comprising a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position, characterized in that:
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion;
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion; and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that a first force that biases said movable portion in a direction toward said first position according to said electrostatic force created when said voltage is constant reaches a peak when said movable portion is at a third position between said first position and said second position.
2. A microactuator according to claim 1 characterized in that said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
3. A microactuator comprising a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position, characterized in that:
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion;
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion; and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
4. A microactuator according to claim 1 characterized in that each of said first and second electrode portions has a substantially plane symmetric shape with respect to at least one same plane containing the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
5. A microactuator according to claim 1 characterized in that the microactuator is designed in such a way that a second force that biases said movable portion in a direction from said first position toward said second position can be generated.
6. A microactuator according to claim 5 characterized in that said movable portion is provided in such a way that a spring force that tends to return to said second position is regenerated as said second force.
7. A microactuator according to claim 5 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
8. A microactuator according to claim 6 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
9. A microactuator according to claim 8 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
10. A microactuator according to claim 9 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
11. (canceled)
12. (canceled)
13. A microactuator according to claim 2 characterized in that each of said first and second electrode portions has a substantially plane symmetric shape with respect to at least one same plane containing the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
14. A microactuator according to claim 2 characterized in that the microactuator is designed in such a way that a second force that biases said movable portion in a direction from said first position toward said second position can be generated.
15. A microactuator according to claim 14 characterized in that said movable portion is provided in such a way that a spring force that tends to return to said second position is regenerated as said second force.
16. A microactuator according to claim 14 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
17. A microactuator according to claim 15 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
18. A microactuator according to claim 17 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
19. A microactuator according to claim 18 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
20. A microactuator according to claim 3 characterized in that each of said first and second electrode portions has a substantially plane symmetric shape with respect to at least one same plane containing the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
21. A microactuator according to claim 3 characterized in that the microactuator is designed in such a way that a second force that biases said movable portion in a direction from said first position toward said second position can be generated.
22. A microactuator according to claim 21 characterized in that said movable portion is provided in such a way that a spring force that tends to return to said second position is regenerated as said second force.
23. A microactuator according to claim 21 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
24. A microactuator according to claim 22 characterized in that the microactuator is provided with generation means that generates a third force different from said first and second forces in said movable portion.
25. A microactuator according to claim 24 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
26. A microactuator according to claim 25 characterized in that said generation means comprises a current path that is provided in said movable portion and disposed in a magnetic field and generates a Lorentz force when supplied with a current.
27. An optical apparatus comprising a microactuator and a driven member,
wherein said microactuator includes a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position,
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion,
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion, and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that a first force that biases said movable portion in a direction toward said first position according to said electrostatic force created when said voltage is constant reaches a peak when said movable portion is at a third position between said first position and said second position, and
wherein said driven member is mounted on said movable portion of said microactuator and includes an optical element.
28. An optical apparatus according to claim 27 characterized in that said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
29. An optical switch comprising a microactuator and a driven member,
wherein said microactuator includes a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position,
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion,
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion, and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that a first force that biases said movable portion in a direction toward said first position according to said electrostatic force created when said voltage is constant reaches a peak when said movable portion is at a third position between said first position and said second position, and
wherein said driven member is mounted on said movable portion of said microactuator and includes a mirror.
30. An optical switch according to claim 29 characterized in that said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions.
31. An optical apparatus comprising a microactuator and a driven member,
wherein said microactuator includes a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position,
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion,
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion, and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions, and
wherein said driven member is mounted on said movable portion of said microactuator and includes an optical element.
32. An optical switch comprising a microactuator and a driven member,
wherein said microactuator includes a fixed portion and a movable portion that is provided in such a way as to be movable relative to said fixed portion between a first position at which it is in contact with a predetermined portion of said fixed portion and a second position away from said first position,
said fixed portion has a first electrode portion,
said movable portion has a second electrode portion that can produce an electrostatic force between it and said first electrode portion by a voltage between it and said first electrode portion, and
said first and second electrode portions are arranged in such a way that said first and second electrode portions substantially do not overlap each other when seen in the direction of movement of said movable portion between said first and second positions, and
wherein said driven member is mounted on said movable portion of said microactuator and includes a mirror.